Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy in spinal cord: Age and cervical spondylosis–related changes

Mamata, Hatsuho; Jólesz, Ferenc A.; Maier, Stephan E.

doi:10.1002/jmri.20357

Cited by 195 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The ADC, or mean diffusivity, can be used to identify different tissue lesions (2,6,8,26,27). For example, pathological processes, such as cerebral ischemia in brain, modifies the tissue structural integrity and leads to acute reduction in ADC accompanied by elevation in FA (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diffusion tensor imaging in evaluation of human skeletal muscle injury

Zaraiskaya

Kumbhare

Noseworthy

2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

191

201

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Purpose: To explore the capability and reliability of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of human skeletal muscle injury. Materials and Methods:DTI of four patients with gastrocnemius and soleus muscles injuries was compared to eight healthy controls. Imaging was performed using a GE 3.0T short-bore scanner. A diffusion-weighted 2D spin echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence optimized for skeletal muscle was used. From a series of axially acquired diffusion tensor images the diffusion tensor eigenparameters (eigenvalues and eigenvectors), fractional anisotropy (FA), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated and compared for injured and healthy calf muscles. Two dimensional (2D) projection maps of the principal eigenvectors were plotted to visualize the healthy and pathologic muscle fiber architectures.Results: Clear differences in FA and ADC were observed in injured skeletal muscle, compared to healthy controls. Mean control FA was 0.23 Ϯ 0.02 for medial and lateral gastrocnemius (mg and lg) muscles, and 0.20 Ϯ 0.02 for soleus (sol) muscles. In all patients FA values were reduced compared to controls, to as low as 0.08 Ϯ 0.02. The ADC in controls ranged from 1.41 to 1.31 ϫ 10 -9 m 2 /second, while in patients this was consistently higher. The 2D projection maps revealed muscle fiber disorder in injured calves, while in healthy controls the 2D projection maps show a well organized (ordered) fiber structure. Conclusion:DTI is a suitable method to assess human calf muscle injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FA and RA are scalar and rotationally invariant parameters (e.g., independent of tissue orientation with respect to the static magnetic field B 0 ), which allow comparison between different subjects. The measured ADC value is often used to assess tissue lesions (2,6,8,26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion tensor imaging in evaluation of human skeletal muscle injury

Zaraiskaya

Kumbhare

Noseworthy

2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

191

201

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“…79,80 Using non-Gaussian DWI, Hori's group reported that mean DK and MPD values in the spinal cord may be highly sensitive indicators of microstructural changes and damage in early cervical spondylosis (Fig. 10).…”

Section: Neuropsychiatric Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Non-Gaussian Diffusion: Clinical Application of q-Space Imaging and Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging of the Brain and Spine

Hori

Fukunaga

Masutani

et al. 2012

MRMS

104

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Recently, non-Gaussian diŠusion-weighted imaging (DWI) techniques, including qspace imaging (QSI) and diŠusional kurtosis imaging (DKI), have emerged as advanced methods to evaluate tissue microstructure in vivo using water diŠusion. QSI and DKI have shown promising results in clinical applications, such as in the evaluation of brain tumors (e.g., grading gliomas), degenerative diseases (e.g., speciˆc diagnosis of Parkinson disease), demyelinating diseases (e.g., assessment of normal-appearing tissue of multiple sclerosis), and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., assessment of the microstructural environment of fresh infarctions). Representative metrics in clinical use are the full width at half maximum, also known as the mean displacement of the probability density function curve, which is derived from QSI, and diŠusional kurtosis, which is derived from DKI. These new metrics may provide information on tissue structure in addition to that provided by conventional Gaussian DWI investigations that use the apparent diŠusion coe‹cient and fractional anisotropy, recognized indices for evaluating disease and normal development in the brain and spine. In some clinical situations, sensitivity for detecting pathological conditions is higher using QSI and DKI than conventional DWI and diŠusion tensor imaging (DTI) because DWI and DTI calculations are based on the assumption that water molecules follow a Gaussian distribution, whereas hindrance of the distribution of water molecules by complex and restricted structures in actual neural tissues produces distributions that are far from Gaussian. We review the technical aspects and clinical applications of QSI and DKI, focusing on clinical use and in vivo studies and highlighting diŠerences from conventional diŠusional metrics.

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“…In our study, we have chosen to use manually defined ROIs, which is the method of choice in most DTI studies of the spinal cord. 3,8,10,12,14,22 Other methods of segmentation used in DTI analysis of the human spinal cord include thresholding the diffusion or anisotropy images 23 and fuzzy-logic-based tissue classification. 6,24 These methods seem to be sufficient; however, they may differ in their performance if diffusion characteristics change throughout the length of the cord.…”

Section: Data Description For Regions Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One important limitation to the application of DTI to spinal cord pathologic disorders is the absence of normative data for comparison. For example, diffusion changes in the spinal cord have been reported after spinal artery stroke, 1 multiple sclerosis, 2 cervical spondylotic myelopathy, 3 spinal cord compression, 4 acute spinal cord injury, 5 and chronic spinal cord injury, 6,7 yet detailed baseline data with use of common imaging sequences are lacking for comparison. Some diffusion measurements have been documented in targeted regions of the neurologically intact human spinal cord, [8][9][10][11][12] and these values have been used for comparison to pathologic conditions; however, a comprehensive study of diffusion parameters throughout the entire spinal cord has not been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%