Apparent competition structures ecological assemblages

Bonsall, Michael B.; Hassell, M. P.

doi:10.1038/41084

Cited by 274 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, subsequent experimental studies found no evidence that this parasite played a role in the replacement of L. lugubris, leaving RESOURCE COMPETITION as the most likely explanation [45]. However, controlled laboratory experiments with the ichneumonid parasitic wasp Venturia canescens and two of its moth hosts Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia kuehniella successfully separated the effects of resource competition from apparent competition [46]. This demonstrates the need for detailed empirical examination of each putative case of apparent competition.…”

Section: Parasite Transmission From Natives To Invadersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, freshwater community structure is radically altered when the invasive amphipod G. pulex replaces the native G. d. celticus [56]. Many studies, however, have used two-host, one-parasite systems to suggest, by extrapolation, that parasites structure biological communities or assemblages [46,57]. However, very few studies have examined the role of parasites at the community level [58] and still fewer involve invasions.…”

Section: Parasite Transmission From Natives To Invadersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Roles of parasites in animal invasions

Prenter

MacNeil

Dick

et al. 2004

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

444

413

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Section: Parasite Transmission From Natives To Invadersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasite Transmission From Natives To Invadersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of parasites in animal invasions

Prenter

MacNeil

Dick

et al. 2004

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

444

413

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“…This is because the density of the shared natural enemy increases with the increased equilibrium density of either prey species (Holt, 1977;Mü ller and Godfray, 1997;Janssen et al, 1998;van Rijn et al, 2002;Morris et al, 2004). This interaction can even lead to exclusion of one of the two prey species (Bonsall and Hassell, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one

et al. 2008

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Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one Messelink, G.J.; van Maanen, R.; van Steenpaal, S.E.F.; Janssen, A.R.M. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. AbstractWe studied the capacity of one species of predator to control two major pests of greenhouse crops, Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) and the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)). In such a one-predator-two-prey system, indirect interactions can occur between the two pest species, such as apparent competition and apparent mutualism. Whereas apparent competition is desired because it brings pest levels down, apparent mutualism is not, because it does the opposite. Because apparent competition and apparent mutualism occurs at different time scales, it is important to investigate the effects of a shared natural enemy on biological control on a time scale relevant for crop growth. We evaluated the control efficacy of the predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Euseius ovalis (Evans) in cucumber crops in greenhouse compartments with only thrips, only whiteflies or both herbivorous insects together. Each of the two predators controlled thrips, but A. swirskii reduced thrips densities the most. There was no effect of the presence of whiteflies on thrips densities. Whitefly control by each of the two predators in absence of thrips was not sufficient, yet better with E. ovalis. However, whitefly densities in presence of thrips were reduced dramatically, especially by A. swirskii. The densities of predators were up to 15 times higher in presence of both pests than in the single-pest treatments. Laboratory experiments with A. swirskii suggest that this is due to a higher juvenile survival and developmental rate on a mixed diet. Hence, better control may be achieved not only because of apparent competition, but also through a positive effect of mixed diets on predator population growth. This latter phenomenon deserves more attention in experimental and theoretical work on biological control and apparent competition.

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“…Both theoretical models and empirical studies suggest that parasites can significantly alter, and in some cases reverse, the dynamics of both direct (Greenman and Hudson, 1999;Kiesecker and Blaustein, 1999;Park, 1948;Schall, 1992) and indirect competition (Bonsall and Hassell, 1997;Holt, 1977;Holt and Pickering, 1985;Settle and Wilson, 1990;Tompkins et al, 2001). Furthermore, from an applied perspective, parasites may threaten native biodiversity by affecting the dynamics of interspecific competition and therefore facilitate ecological invasions (Bedhomme et al, 2005;Prenter et al, 2004;Torchin et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unavoidable costs and unexpected benefits of parasitism: Population and metapopulation models of parasite-mediated competition

Kuo

Corby‐Harris

Promislow

2008

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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When faced with limited resources, organisms have to determine how to allocate their resources to maximize fitness. In the presence of parasites, hosts may be selected for their ability to balance between the two competing needs of reproduction and immunity. These decisions can have consequences not only for host fitness, but also for the ability of parasites to persist within the population, and for the competitive dynamics between different host species. We develop two mathematical models to investigate how resource allocation strategies evolve at both population and metapopulation levels. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) at the population level is a balanced investment between reproduction and immunity that maintains parasites, even though the host has the capacity to eliminate parasites. The host exhibiting the ESS can always invade other host populations through parasite-mediated competition, effectively using the parasites as biological weapons. At the metapopulation level, the dominant strategy is sometimes different from the population-level ESS, and depends on the ratio of local extinction rate to host colonization rate. This study may help to explain why parasites are as common as they are, and can serve as a modeling framework for investigating parasite-mediated ecological invasions. Furthermore, this work highlights the possibility that the 'introduction of enemies' process may facilitate species invasion.

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Apparent competition structures ecological assemblages

Cited by 274 publications

References 16 publications

Roles of parasites in animal invasions

Roles of parasites in animal invasions

Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one

The unavoidable costs and unexpected benefits of parasitism: Population and metapopulation models of parasite-mediated competition

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