Apparent auxin production and transport during winter in the nongrowing pine tree

Savidge, Rodney Arthur; Wareing, P. F.

doi:10.1139/b82-090

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Artificially warmed cambia of evergreen conifers could reactivate growth in the absence of new shoots and leaves even if the response to the heat treatment tended to increase from winter to early spring (Oribe et al, 2001). Savidge and Wareing (1982) suggested that auxin transfer to the cambial region from both mature needles and dormant buds could also occur in winter. Moreover, Little and Wareing (1981) reported unpublished works referring to vigorous cambial activities occurring in conifer trees completely debudded before the start of the growing season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing needle and shoot phenology with xylem development on three conifer species in Italy

2009

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Abstract• Since the 1960s biologists have been trying to assess factors affecting cambial activity and latewood formation. A comparison of the phenology of the apical and lateral meristems could add new clues in order to understand mechanisms of the growth dynamic in conifers.• This study compared needle and shoot growth with xylogenesis in Larix decidua, Pinus cembra and Picea abies during 2001 to verify if cambial resumption occurred after shoot and needle growth had begun, and if latewood initiation occurred when shoot lengthening was complete.• In pine and spruce, needle and shoot lengthening was synchronous between mid-June and August while larches showed an early development of the needles at the end of May with a later shoot lengthening. Cell production lasted from mid-May to the beginning of August, with the first differentiating cells observed at the end of May, which indicated a earlier reactivation of the cambium with respect to needle and shoot growth.The first latewood cells began wall thickening between July and August, during the termination of needle and shoot lengthening.• The hypothesis that cambial resumption occurs after shoot and needle elongation was rejected. The separation in time between apical growth and secondary wall thickening of latewood suggested the presence of an internal competition in resource allocation. Mots-clés :cambium / différentiation cellulaire / bois final / microcarotte / limite altitudinale de la forêt Résumé -Comparaison entre la phénologie des aguilles et des pousses et la formation du xylème sur trois espèces de conifère en Italie.• Depuis les années soixante, les biologistes étudient les facteurs contrôlant l'activité cambiale et la formation du bois final. Une comparaison entre la phénologie des méristèmes apicaux et latéraux pourrait ajouter de nouveaux indices afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes et la dynamique de croissance des conifères.• Cette étude compare la croissance des aiguilles et des nouvelle tiges avec la xylogénèse de trois espèces de conifères, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra et Pices abies dans le but de vérifier si la réacti-vation cambiale survient après la croissance des aiguilles et des nouvelles pousses et si la formation du bois final survient lorsque la croissance des méristèmes apicaux et latéraux est terminée.• Chez le pin et l'épicéa, la croissance des aiguilles et des nouvelles pousses était synchrone, se produisant de la mi-juin jusqu'au début août. Chez le mélèze par contre, le développement des aiguilles a été plus précoce, débutant fin mai avec une croissance différée des tiges latérales. La production cellulaire du cambium a durée de mi-mai jusqu'à début août, avec apparition des premières cellules en différentiation fin mai, indiquant une réactivation plus précoce du cambium que de la croissance des aiguilles et des nouvelles pousses. L'épaississement des parois secondaires chez les premières cellules de bois final a débuté entre juillet et août, à la fin de l'élongation des aiguilles et des nouvelles pousses.• L'hypothèse que l...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing needle and shoot phenology with xylem development on three conifer species in Italy

2009

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“…It seems most likely that, as in other aspects of cambial activity (6,11,14), IAA is only one of several factors required for CW formation. IAA is present on both sides of branches whether CW forms or not, so mere presence is not enough.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IAA was present on both sides of branches and is present throughout the year in dormant and active cambium of stems (14,17). Thus, although IAA is always present whether or not CW forms, some other substance may regulate CW formation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the development of analytic chemistry techniques for measuring plant growth regulators, many hypotheses about the regulation of cambial activity by IAA are being reassessed (6,14). For example, seasonal changes in IAA concentration measured by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring are not enough to explain either seasonal changes in cambial activity or the differentiation of cambial derivatives ( 13).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Compression Wood Formation in Reoriented Branches of Douglas-Fir

Wilson¹,

Chien²,

Zaerr³

1989

Plant Physiol.

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Five-year-old segments of intact 7-year-old branches of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meziesii [Mirb.] Franco) were reoriented to determine the relation between indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the formation of compression wood. Eight branches per treatment were either left at their original angle (mean of 690, the control), or bent proximal to the segment to reorient it up or down 300.Differentiating xylem tissue from the upper and lower sides of each segment was collected and extracted separately for IAA analysis by in-line fluorescence detection of free IAA and IAA methyl ester after sequential C1i reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The IAA methyl ester was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Compression wood formed on the upper side of branches reoriented up and on the lower side of controls or branches reoriented down. IAA was present in all samples. The difference in IAA concentration between upper and lower sides was either not correlated, or negatively correlated in segments reoriented down, with both the occurrence of compression wood and the rate of new tracheid production. Mean concentrations for whole branch segments were not affected by the treatments, regardless of whether IAA concentrations were expressed on a surface area, weight, or cell basis.

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“…IAA has been found present in overwintering, inactive P. contorta cambial tissue (18), and additional evidence has suggested that IAA by itself neither regulates the conifer cambium's seasonal activity (15,17) nor is IAA by itself sufficient for tracheid differentiation (15)(16)(17)19). Thus, it deserves consideration that C2H4 may interact with IAA in promoting seasonal cambial activity and types of tracheid differentiation in P. contorta through IAA-regulated ACC production.…”

Section: Gc-ms Identification Of Acc In Compressionwood Cambiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Identification of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid in Compressionwood Vascular Cambium of Pinus contorta Dougl.

Savidge¹,

Mutumba²,

Heald³

et al. 1983

Plant Physiol.

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Following cation and anion exchange chromatography, 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) was converted to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivative and then purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After three HPLC steps, endogenous ACC was identified by GC-MS in the vascular cambium on the lower side of Pinus contorta Dougi. ssp. Iatifolia branches in association with compressionwood differentiation, but ACC was not detected in the opposite wood cambial region on the upper sides of the same branches.The possibility that ACC and ethylene have physiological roles in cambial activity and compressionwood tracheid differentiation is discussed.The well-established roles of C2H4 in promoting changed orientation of cell-wall microfibrils (1, 13) and intercellular air-space formation (8, 13) in higher-plant cells suggests that C2H4 may have roles in the development of similar changes between adjoining primary-walled cambial derivatives during their differentiation into compressionwood tracheids (21). Compressionwood normally develops only on gravitationally lower sides of conifer branches and leaning conifer stems, again suggesting involvement of C2H4 (22); however, prior to the demonstration of ACC4 being a watersoluble immediate precursor of C2H4 (2) The basal five internodes (forestry sense) from each branch provided the cambial tissue for extraction and GC-MS analysis. Tissues were harvested by bark peeling as previously described (19), pooling cambial zone plus differentiating xylem, and immediately submerging the tissues in liquid N2. The cambial region adjoining wide annual rings, comprised of red-brown compression wood tracheids and occurring on the gravitationally lower sides of the branch internodes, was harvested separately from the opposite wood cambial region. Tracheids were differentiating both sides of the branch internodes at time of harvesting. Extraction Procedure. Compressionwood and opposite wood cambial regions were extracted separately in darkness at 4°C with prechilled 80o (v/v) methanol (15:1, v/w) for 16 h, then filtered. The solid residue was reextracted with distilled H20 at 170C for 10 min, then filtered. The solid residue was again extracted at 4°C in darkness with prechilled 80% methanol for 2 h, then filtered, and the residual tissue finally was extracted several times in quick succession with distilled H20 at 17°C, filtering each time.The combined methanolic and aqueous extracts were reduced in vacuo at 35°C to an aqueous phase, transferred to 250-ml centrifuge bottles, frozen, thawed, and centrifuged at 20,000g for 1 h at 40C.

show abstract

Apparent auxin production and transport during winter in the nongrowing pine tree

Cited by 45 publications

References 23 publications

Comparing needle and shoot phenology with xylem development on three conifer species in Italy

Comparing needle and shoot phenology with xylem development on three conifer species in Italy

Distribution of Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Compression Wood Formation in Reoriented Branches of Douglas-Fir

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Identification of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid in Compressionwood Vascular Cambium of Pinus contorta Dougl.

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