“…We reported that the V domains of essentially all Abs contain enzyme-like nucleophiles that form covalent adducts with phosphonate diesters containing a positive charge in the immediate vicinity of the phosphorus [32]. Various non-enzymatic, non-Ab proteins also react covalently with the electrophilic phosphorus [33], and other groups have inferred serine protease-like nucleophiles in peptides and proteins that are not usually classified as enzymes, e.g., glucagon and VIP [34,35]. Interestingly, certain proteins subjected to irreversible heat denaturation displayed increased nucleophilic reactivity [33].…”