Apparent and Osmotic Volumes of Distribution of Sodium, Chloride, Sulfate and Urea

Abstract

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The Mechanism of Acidosis Produced by Hyperosmotic Infusions*

“…If there were no change in Pco,, extracellular pH would fall providing the diluting fluid is poor in bicarbonate. Such a conclusion is clearly implied in the work of Wolf, McDowell, and Steer (7,8) on the osmometric behavior of the body fluids. Indeed in several of their experiments (8) an acidosis was documented but was not further commented upon.…”

“…Figure 1 shows the relationship between changes in osmolality, [Na] (7,8). In nearly all experiments of the present study the osmotic distribution of sodium was within the range of 60 to 65 % of body weight (Table IV) Figure 3 shows the expected fall in the concentration of an inert solute confined Other abbreviations as in Table I.…”

Interrelations Between Serum Sodium Concentration, Serum Osmolarity and Total Exchangeable Sodium, Total Exchangeable Potassium and Total Body Water1

“…Serum sodium concentration, of course, is not independent of loss or gain of body sodium. Excessive loss of sodium leads to a fall in serum concentration; administration of hypertonic saline elevates serum levels (5)(6)(7)(8). Retention of water in excess of sodium has been shown to occur, and accounts, at least in part, for the hyponatremia seen after major surgery and in patients with coexistent edema and hyponatremia (3,4,9).…”

Osmotic Effects of Infusion of THAM

“…It is possible, by application of osmometric principles [14], to calculate the apparent osmotic load delivered to each group of animals studied (see Appendix). Table IV compares the calculated osmotic load received by each group with the osmotic load actually administered.…”

“…However, animals in Groups I and // were given THAM labeled with 14 C which permitted determination of the apparent volume of distribution of 14 C-THAM. This only slowly approached the measured total body water; in fact, preliminary examination of the kinetics of THAM distribution indicates that it takes approximately 12-18 hr for THAM to equilibrate throughout the measured TBW-a far longer time than has previously been reported [7].…”