Apparatus for the determination aboard ship of the salinity of sea water by the electrical conductivity method

Wenner, Frank; Smith, E. H.; Soule, Floyd M.

doi:10.6028/jres.005.041

Cited by 16 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Thompson and Utterback formulas which in part may be accounted for by a geographical factor in the conductivity -chlorinity relationship or possibly because some of their samples had been stored in glass containers. Wenner, Smith and Soule (1930) describe a seagoing conductivity instrument which, if judged solely on accuracy and precision, provides data conaparable with that from the Knudsen titration.…”

Section: Chlorinity-salinity-density Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium on oceanographic instrumentation, Rancho Santa Fe, California, June 21-23, 1952

1952

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We are here to discuss a great and curiously diverse assemblage of ships, dredges, thermometers, intricate electronic devices, plankton nets, hydrophones and water samplers. This list is diverse, yet it includes only tools and instruments-tools that permit us to reach where we otherwise could not reach; and instruments that permit us to see or hear where to our unaided senses all is black and silent. And these two are fused by singularity of purpose-to disclose the nature of the oceans to the mind of man. We plan to consider these extenders and amplifiers of our motor and sensory abilities as they are brought to bear on an understanding of the oceans. Yet they are only temporal links between the two basic realities, the sea and the *-Contribution No. 678 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography *-I am impressed by different racial attitudes on this point. Primitive races and even advanced races like the Chinese display a great compulsion to construct the model but little inclination to test it. Persons with certain religious attitudes not only fail to test their concept but actively avoid such tests. Thus a method such as a colorimetric determination of alkalinity by standards, suffers from our mental inability to superimpose a grid of color standards between the provided standards and to interpolate the actual value. Such a method soon gives way to a visual linear presentation. Hence, audible records are "analyzed" for presentation to our sight, hardnesses are shown on a scale of a hardness tester, and in every way the burden of presenting quantitative evidence to the mind is thrown upon the innage sense. Optical instruments commonly fall into this category, as do calipers. Other transforming samplers transform the sample into some other energy form which is presented to the senses in a qualitative or quantitative fashion. An ordinary audio amplifier is an example of the qualitative transforming sampler. Quantitative transforming samplers are our common measuring instruments and almost invariably present their information to our vision, as discussed before. Some measuring instruments present only one measurement for each operation. These are called gages. Some present their information continuously but do not record. These are called meters or indicators. A typical modern measuring instrument produces a permanent record relating two or more wanted parameter of which one is frequently time; these are called recorders. Collectors are not alone in providing masses of data and recorders also are prolific. For instance, much of what I have said about plankton nets applies to wave recorders. A measuring instrument physically consists of elements for: (1) Sensing (sampling) (2) Transforming (3) Amplifying and sorting (4) Presenting Certain thermodynamic principles interrelate characteristics of materials and levels of energy. The sensing element normally is in itself a transformer utilizing such interrelations as are selected to be specifically affected by the desired factor.

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Section: Chlorinity-salinity-density Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium on oceanographic instrumentation, Rancho Santa Fe, California, June 21-23, 1952

1952

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“…Attempts to determine salinity by measuring the electrical conductivity of water samples began at the end of the nineteenth century (Smed, 2002), but the first practical sea-going salinometer was designed by Wenner in the 1920s (Wenner et al, 1930) for use by the International Ice Patrol. While its precision of measurement increased to ± 0.005‰, Ice Patrol salinities were still reported to just two decimal places, apparently because the Wenner bridge was calibrated with titrated salinities.…”

Section: Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nansen-bottle stations at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Warren

2008

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Die Ergebnisse der siebenten Forschungsfahrt der „Carnegie“ für die Ozeanographie des Pazifischen Ozeans

Neumann¹

1951

Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift

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Apparatus for the determination aboard ship of the salinity of sea water by the electrical conductivity method

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Symposium on oceanographic instrumentation, Rancho Santa Fe, California, June 21-23, 1952

Symposium on oceanographic instrumentation, Rancho Santa Fe, California, June 21-23, 1952

Nansen-bottle stations at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Die Ergebnisse der siebenten Forschungsfahrt der „Carnegie“ für die Ozeanographie des Pazifischen Ozeans

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