Apoptotic effect of enterodiol, the final metabolite of edible lignans, in colorectal cancer cells

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Enterodiol (END) is transformed by human intestinal bacteria from lignans contained in various whole-grain cereals, nuts, legumes, flaxseed, and vegetables. It is known to have several physiological effects, but its effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and apoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have not yet been elucidated. We therefore investigated the effects of END on apoptosis in CRC cells and whether these effects are mediated via MAPK signaling.RESULTS: Cell proliferation was decreased by END treatment in a time-dependent manner. In particular, END treatment resulted in an apoptosis rate of up to 40% in CT26 cells but showed no cytotoxicity toward RAW264.7 macrophages. Treatment with END also suppressed the migration of CRC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 was down-regulated with END treatment. Furthermore, END decreased the expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins in CRC cells. CONCLUSION: Enterodiol inhibited the growth of CRC cells by controlling the MAPK signaling pathway involved in proliferation and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that END has an apoptotic effect in CRC cells. -actin were used as protein loading controls.The membranes were then incubated with the corresponding horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1000; GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany). Immnoreactive proteins were J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 2411-2419

Evaluation of Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Digestibility of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv Blanoro) Stored under N2 and CO2 Atmospheres

“…Around twelve compounds were identified. The majority compound of free, conjugated, and bound phenolic compounds in both raw and cooked chickpea was enterodiol (46.4–67.42%), a lignan compound with several beneficial properties as an antioxidant and as an inhibitor of some types of cancer [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. The rest of the compounds are found in varying amounts and belong to different classes of phenolics ( Table 5 and Figure 5 ): (a) Lignans: Gomisin D (5.81–10.33%) and Anhydro-secoisolariciresinol (12.43–12.78%); (b) Flavonoids: Pelargonidin 3,5- O -diglucoside (1.95–8.67%), Hesperetin 3′,7- O -diglucuronide (5%), 6-Geranylnaringenin (7.46–7.73%), Isorhamnetin (1.55%) and Phloretin 2′- O -glucoside (1.67%); (c) Phenolic acids: p -Coumaroyl glucose (2.90%) and 3,4-Diferuloylquinic acid (6.61%); (d) Other polyphenols: Hydroxytyrosol 4- O -glucoside (3.08–5.62%) and 1,4-Naphtoquinone (3.54%).…”

“…Around twelve compounds were identified. The majority compound of free, conjugated, and bound phenolic compounds in both raw and cooked chickpea was enterodiol (46.4-67.42%), a lignan compound with several beneficial properties as an antioxidant and as an inhibitor of some types of cancer [54][55][56][57]. The rest of the compounds are found in varying amounts and belong to different classes of phenolics (Table 5 and On the other hand, there are phenolic compounds in glycosidic form, especially in free phenolic compounds.…”

Feeding Fiber-Bound Polyphenol Ingredients at Different Levels Modulates Colonic Postbiotics to Improve Gut Health in Dogs

“…SDG exhibited positive effects in a variety of model systems, including antioxidant effects in cadmium-induced renal toxicity in rats [ 41 ], anti-inflammatory effects in the dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis mouse model [ 42 ], and cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in human umbilical vein endothelial cells [ 43 ]. SDG and enterodiol have shown apoptotic effects on cultured human colon carcinoma cells [ 44 ] and colorectal cancer cells in vitro [ 45 ], respectively.…”

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside induces caspase‐3‐mediated apoptosis in monolayer and spheroid cultures of human colon carcinoma cells

“…The abundance of brown stained nuclei with TUNEL shows apoptosis. Apoptosis increased in SDG treated groups (b2-b4; c2-c4) when compared with control groups (b1; c1) and suppressed the migration of cells in a dose-dependent manner but showed no cytotoxicity (Shin et al, 2019). Despite the fact that using different cancer cell lines, Buckner et al suggested that flaxseed oil can specifically inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis through caspase-3-dependent pathway in a dose-dependent manner while non-malignant cell lines showed small increases in cell growth (Buckner et al, 2019).…”