Apoptosis induced by bacterial pathogens

Vibrio vulnificus Cytolysin Induces Superoxide Anion-initiated Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in Human ECV304 Cells

“…As shown in Fig. 1, the viable cells were less than 20% after exposure to 0.6 HU of VVC for 24 h. The IC 50 (Fig. 2A).…”

Channels formed by subnanomolar concentrations of the toxin aerolysin trigger apoptosis of T lymphomas

“…This would give the bacteria a potential advantage by reducing the likelihood of necrosis and avoiding a localized in¯ammatory response. At least two other channel-forming toxins, Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin (Chen and Zychlinsky, 1994), also cause apoptosis at low concentrations, and it has been shown recently that, like aerolysin, the outer membrane porin PorB of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes rapid calcium in¯ux into epithelial cells, which may induce apoptosis by activating cysteine proteases (Muller et al, 1999). It seems reasonable to suppose that the vacuolation of BHK endoplasmic reticulum by aerolysin, which was reported by Abrami et al (1998b), was also a consequence of apoptosis, as was the G-protein activation the same group reported in granulocytes (Krause et al, 1998).…”

Butyric acid retention in gingival tissue induces oxidative stress in jugular blood mitochondria

“…BA is an extracellular metabolite that helps the intestine maintain colonic health, serves as an energy source for colorectal cells, and positively influence immune responses (Hu et al 2011;Maslowski et al 2009;Wong et al 2006). However, high BA concentrations have been reported to be involved in reactivation of latent viral infection (Imai et al 2012(Imai et al , 2009) and induction of periodontal pathogenesis (Chen and Zychlinsky 1994;Kurita-Ochiai et al 2003;Kurita-Ochiai and Ochiai 2010).…”