Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi

Dhawan, Rini; Gupta, Kuldeep; Kajla, Mithilesh; Kakani, Parik; Choudhury, Tania Pal; Kumar, Sanjeev; Kumar, Vikas; Gupta, Lalita

doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00185

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Apolipophorin (ApoLp)-III binds to microbial cell wall components, such as gram-negative bacteria LPSs, gram-positive bacteria lipoteichoic acids, and fungal β-1,3-glucans. These binding properties impart to ApoLp-III a role pertaining to the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) (reviewed in [ 39 ]). Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) can bind to β-1,3-glucans [ 40 ], indicating a potential function in pattern recognition in insect immunity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect anal droplets contain diverse proteins related to gut homeostasis

Jing

Wang

et al. 2018

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundInsects share similar fundamental molecular principles with mammals in innate immunity. For modulating normal gut microbiota, insects produce phenoloxidase (PO), which is absent in all vertebrates, and reactive nitrogen species (ROS) and antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). However, reports on insect gut phagocytosis are very few. Furthermore, most previous studies measure gene expression at the transcription level. In this study, we provided proteomic evidence on gut modulation of normal microorganisms by investigating the anal droplets from a weevil, Cryptorhynchus lapathi.ResultsThe results showed that the anal droplets contained diverse proteins related to physical barriers, epithelium renewal, pattern recognition, phenoloxidase activation, oxidative defense and phagocytosis, but AMPs were not detected. According to annotations, Scarb1, integrin βν, Dscam, spondin or Thbs2s might mediate phagocytosis. As a possible integrin βν pathway, βν activates Rho by an unknown mechanism, and Rho induces accumulation of mDia, which then promotes actin polymerization.ConclusionsOur results well demonstrated that insect anal droplets can be used as materials to investigate the defense of a host to gut microorganisms and supported to the hypothesis that gut phagocytosis occurs in insects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5182-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect anal droplets contain diverse proteins related to gut homeostasis

Jing

Wang

et al. 2018

BMC Genomics

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“…[135,136] Enhances immune response to Plasmodium parasite Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase a (PAH) [196] Genetic modification: development of refractory mosquitoes with increased expression of proteins post blood-feeding Nitric oxide synthase b (NOS) [170,172] Enhances Plasmodium parasite development or negative regulator of immune response Carboxypeptidase a [143] Transmission-blocking agents: inhibition of proteins provides transmission-blocking strategies. Carboxypeptidase can be already targeted using antibodies [143] Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase a [179] 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase a [189] Ornithine decarboxylase a [200] Aquaporin 3 [178] Trehalose transporter c [177] Catalase b [158] Vitellogenin d [5] Lipophorin d [5] Apolipophorin d [181,182] Fecundity Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PAH) a [196] Sterilants: inhibition may offer sterilizing strategies Ornithine decarboxylase a [197] Heme oxygenase [6] Vitellogenin d [5] Catalase b [204] Energy production during flight Trehalase c [156] Flight inhibitors: inhibition may provide flight inhibition strategies Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase a [144] Proline oxidase a [144] Insecticide resistance Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases e [238] Synergists: inhibitors may reverse insecticide resistance Glutathione S-transferases e [238] Survival or development of mosquitoes Aquaporin 3 [178] Insecticides: inhibitors may act as insecticides Catalase b [159] 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase a [189] Carbonic anhydrase [52] Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases [51] Chorion peroxidase [207] V-ATPases [218...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, silencing of ApoLp-III in An. stephensi led to enhanced induction of NOS, which is important for Plasmodium clearance [182]. Therefore, strategies to downregulate ApoLp in mosquitoes upon blood-feeding may be essential for increased expression of NOS and effective TEP lysis of Plasmodium parasite.…”

Section: Role Of Metabolic Proteins In Plasmodium Parasite Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review

et al. 2020

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The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.

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“…Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were reared in an insectary at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan. The insectary was maintained at 28 • C, 80% relative humidity (RH) and 12 h light:dark cycle as described before (Dhawan et al, 2017;Kajla et al, 2017). Adult mosquitoes were regularly fed on 10% sucrose solution.…”

Section: Rearing Of Mosquitoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heme-Peroxidase 2, a Peroxinectin-Like Gene, Regulates Bacterial Homeostasis in Anopheles stephensi Midgut

2020

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The dynamic nature of mosquito gut microbiome is associated with different stages of development and feeding behaviors. Therefore, mosquito gut harbors a wide range of endogenous microbes that promote numerous life processes such as, nutrition, reproduction and immunity. In addition, gut microbiota also play an important role in the regulation of Plasmodium (malaria parasite) development. Thus, understanding the mechanism of microbial homeostasis in mosquito gut might be one of the strategies to manipulate malaria parasite development. In the present study, we characterized a 692 amino acids long secreted midgut heme-peroxidase 2 (AsHPX2) in Anopheles stephensi, the major Indian malaria vector. The presence of putative integrin binding motifs, LDV (Leu-Asp-Val), indicated its peroxinectin-like nature. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that AsHPX2 is a Culicinae lineage-specific gene. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of AsHPX2 gene significantly enhanced the growth of midgut bacteria in sugar-fed mosquitoes against sham-treated controls. Interestingly, bloodfeeding drastically reduced AsHPX2 gene expression and enhanced the growth of midgut bacteria. These results revealed a negative correlation between the expression of AsHPX2 gene and gut bacterial growth. We proposed that AsHPX2, being a mosquitospecific gene, might serve as a "potent target" to manipulate midgut microbiota and vector competence.

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Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

Insect anal droplets contain diverse proteins related to gut homeostasis

Insect anal droplets contain diverse proteins related to gut homeostasis

Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review

Heme-Peroxidase 2, a Peroxinectin-Like Gene, Regulates Bacterial Homeostasis in Anopheles stephensi Midgut

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