“…This is partly due to increasing evidence of climate change and the need to determine to what extent, if any, climate change may have on fern adaptability, distribution, and survival (Anderson, in press;Mehltreter and McAdam, 2022;Sharpe, 2019). Given the changing characteristics of the environment, there is also interest in better understanding the role of ferns, and other plant groups, as environmental indicator species (Carignan and Villard, 2002;Marimuthu et al, 2022); that is, evidence of how the particular adaptive qualities of a fern species, that make it successful in a particular environment, may be used to characterize or categorize different environments where the fern species are growing. For example, Higa et al (2013) examined the predictive capacity of three fern species: Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Tod., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, and Osmunda japonica Thunb.…”