Aphids are unaffected by the elemental defence of the nickel hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae)

Boyd, Robert S.; Martens, Scott N.

doi:10.1007/s000490050027

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Bearing also in mind a minute size of examined insects their role in Ni transfer to higher trophic level through predatory insects is not an important pathway. A similar conclusion in relation to aphids was given by Boyd and Martens (1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, Boyd et al (2006a) demonstrated that they could accumulate high levels of Ni, often 25 times above the lower range of Ni toxicity. Boyd and Martens (1999) showed that the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum kept on Ni hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae) avoids plant defence by consuming relatively less Ni-contaminated phloem fluid. Earlier studies of Crawford et al (1995) showed that dietary levels of cadmium or copper had little or no effect on the performance of the aphid Aphis fabae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in sap-feeding insects associated with Ni hyperaccumulator, Berkheya coddii

et al. 2007

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The aim of this study was to determine elemental composition of sap-feeding insects inhabiting various parts of the Ni hyperaccumulating plant Berkheya coddii Roessl., the endemic species of ultramafic outcrops in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Three species were examined: the aphid Protaphis pseudocardui (Aphididae), abundant on young leaves; the mealybug Orthesia sp. (Ortheziidae) colonizing underground parts of this plant, and the bug Norialsus berkheyae (Cixiidae) living on young shoots. Maps of Ni, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe for selected body areas of these species were generated using Dynamic Analysis method on the basis of particle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) and proton backscattering (BS) measurements. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe contents in the B. coddii organs, in some sapfeeding insect species including these mentioned above, and in the assassin bug hunting on Chrysolina pardalina, a monophagous beetle of B. coddii. Bioaccumulation factor for Ni in the examined species was below 0.05, and much higher for other metals (Zn ‡ 2; Fe £ 5). Ni distribution within body was species-dependent. It was the highest in the antennae of P. pseudocardui, in the head of Orthesia sp. and in the metathorax of N. berkheyae. Distribution patterns of other metals were different among examined species. Ca was recorded mainly in peripheral parts of the body in all species. Zn showed similar distribution to Ni. Fe distribution was similar to Ni only in the mealybugs. Uneven concentrations of metals within selected body regions indicated their relations with specific organs. Analysis of Ni transfer to higher trophic levels was done on the basis of two food nets: B. coddii-C. pardalina-Rhinocoris neavii and B. coddii-P. pseudocardui-Polyrhachis ant and led to the conclusion that the role of sap-feeding insects in Ni transfer was marginal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in sap-feeding insects associated with Ni hyperaccumulator, Berkheya coddii

et al. 2007

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“…For Ni, plant defence against herbivores has been explored by a number of studies (Boyd 1998;. In general, hyperaccumulator concentrations of Ni are effective against folivores Boyd & Moar 1999;Boyd et al 2002;Jhee 2004), rhizovores (Jhee 2004) and some cell-disrupting herbivores (Jhee 2004), but not vascular tissue-feeding insects or other cell-disruptors (Boyd & Martens 1999;Jhee 2004). Herbivorous terrestrial mollusks can have large impacts on plants (e.g., Rodriguez & Brown 1998;Barker 2002;Frank 2003) and slug herbivory may limit the ranges of some species (e.g., Bruelheide & Scheidel 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A test of elemental defence against slugs by Ni in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator Streptanthus species

Boyd

Jhee

2005

Chemoecology

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Tissues of most plant species contain < 10 µg Ni g −1 but Ni hyperaccumulators contain more than 1000 µg Ni g −1 . Hyperaccumulated Ni can defend plants from some herbivores but the defensive role of lesser Ni concentrations is little explored. We raised five species of Streptanthus (Brassicaceae) native to ultramafic soils, one of which (S. polygaloides) is a Ni hyperaccumulator whereas the others are simply Ni-tolerant, on Ni-amended and unamended greenhouse soils to create plants differing in Ni concentrations. On high-Ni soil, leaves of the hyperaccumulator contained 3800 µg Ni g −1 whereas leaves of non-hyperaccumulator species contained 41−64 µg Ni g −1 . Plants of all species grown on low-Ni soils had < 14 µg Ni g −1 . Slugs (Limax maximus) were fed plant material in no-choice tests over a 50-day period and survival and mass changes were recorded. All slugs fed high-Ni leaves of the hyperaccumulator species died within 21 d. Slugs fed high-Ni leaves of the other species did not differ significantly in survival or mass change from those fed low-Ni leaves. In choice tests, slugs (Lehmannia valentiana) offered both high-and low-Ni S. polygaloides leaves did little damage to high-Ni leaves. We conclude that hyperacumulated Ni can defend S. polygaloides from slug herbivory via both toxicity and deterrence, but these defensive effects do not extend to Streptanthus species containing < 70 µg Ni g −1 .

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“…However, not all organisms using hyperaccumulators as hosts are negatively affected by metal‐based plant defenses. Several types of pests have been observed attacking natural populations of the Ni hyperaccumulator, S. polygaloides , including aphids (Boyd and Davis, personal observation, 1996; Boyd and Martens, 1999), mirids (Wall, 1999), and a parasitic plant (Boyd et al, 1999). Boyd and Martens (1999) experimentally demonstrated that aphids are unaffected by the metal defense of S. polygaloides Since aphids are common vectors of plant viruses both within and among plant populations, the possibility exists that new reservoirs of aphids or virus inoculum may be created on phytoremediation sites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several types of pests have been observed attacking natural populations of the Ni hyperaccumulator, S. polygaloides , including aphids (Boyd and Davis, personal observation, 1996; Boyd and Martens, 1999), mirids (Wall, 1999), and a parasitic plant (Boyd et al, 1999). Boyd and Martens (1999) experimentally demonstrated that aphids are unaffected by the metal defense of S. polygaloides Since aphids are common vectors of plant viruses both within and among plant populations, the possibility exists that new reservoirs of aphids or virus inoculum may be created on phytoremediation sites. To address this concern, we studied the effects of elevated Ni in plant tissues on the susceptibility of two congeneric serpentine plant species in the family Brassicaceae to inoculation with TuMV, a common pathogen of natural and agricultural members of the family Brassicaceae (Shattuck, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel Increases Susceptibility of a Nickel Hyperaccumulator to Turnip mosaic virus

2001

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Hyperaccumulated Ni can defend plant tissues against herbivores and pathogens. The effectiveness of this defense, however, has not been tested with a viral pathogen. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) accumulation was studied in two serpentine species of Streptanthus with different Ni uptake abilities. Plants of a Ni hyperaccumulator, milk-wort jewelflower (S. polygaloides Gray), and a non-hyperaccumulator, plumed jewelflower (S. insignis Jepson), were grown on Ni-amended and unamended soils. Plants were inoculated with TuMV at three different phenological stages: basal rosette, bolting, and flowering. Susceptibility of experimental plants to TuMV was determined either by the magnitude of TuMV accumulation (measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) or by plant survival. Streptanthus polygaloides plants grown on high-Ni soil were more susceptible to TuMV than low-Ni S. polygaloides at all three phenological stages. All rosette and pre-bolt S. insignis plants were infected by TuMV, but survival and TuMV accumulation were not significantly affected by soil Ni. At flowering, only high-Ni S. polygaloides plants became infected. For S. polygaloides, elevated tissue Ni concentrations enhanced TuMV infection instead of defending plants from the virus. To reduce risks to nearby agricultural crops, future phytoremed. iation and phytomining operations using this species should incorporate management plans to prevent the creation of artificial reservoirs of TuMV inoculum.

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Aphids are unaffected by the elemental defence of the nickel hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae)

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in sap-feeding insects associated with Ni hyperaccumulator, Berkheya coddii

Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in sap-feeding insects associated with Ni hyperaccumulator, Berkheya coddii

A test of elemental defence against slugs by Ni in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator Streptanthus species

Nickel Increases Susceptibility of a Nickel Hyperaccumulator to Turnip mosaic virus

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