Aphid specialism as an example of ecological–evolutionary divergence

Abstract

Debate still continues around the definition of generalism and specialism in nature. To some, generalism is equated solely with polyphagy, but this cannot be readily divorced from other essential biological factors, such as morphology, behaviour, genetics, biochemistry, chemistry and ecology, including chemical ecology. Viewed in this light, and accepting that when living organisms evolve to fill new ecological-evolutionary niches, this is the primal act of specialisation, then perhaps all living organisms are specialist in the broadest sense. To illustrate the levels of specialisation that may be found in a group of animals, we here provide an overview of those displayed by a subfamily of hemipteran insects, the Aphididae, which comprises some 1600 species/subspecies in Europe alone and whose members are specialised in a variety of lifestyle traits. These include life cycle, host adaptation, dispersal and migration, associations with bacterial symbionts (in turn related to host adaptation and resistance to hymenopterous wasp parasitoids), mutualisms with ants, and resistance to insecticides. As with polyphagy, these traits cannot easily be separated from one another, but rather, are interconnected, often highly so, which makes the Aphididae a fascinating animal group to study, providing an informative, perhaps unique, model to illustrate the complexities of defining generalism versus specialism.

Genetic structure of populations of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on citrus trees in Northern Iran

“…The great diversity in the life cycles, host plants and geographical range of aphids makes them excellent models for research into these and many other aspects of their biology (Loxdale & Balog, 2018), including their genetics (Blackman & Eastop, 2007).…”

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Root-Feeding Grape Phylloxera (D. vitifoliae) Lineages Feeding on a Rootstock and V. vinifera

“…roots. However, other important factors play important roles for the fine-tuning of cellular processes resulting during root gall formation [ 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ]. Thus, our study employing a defined bioassay exhibits part of the potential genes involved that determine host performance, in this case for biotype A and C.…”

A Sugarcane Aphid “Super‐Clone” Predominates on Sorghum and Johnsongrass from Four US States

“…Two SCA samples collected from Johnsongrass had the predominant US-SCA genotype yet differed at a single locus. These differences may be caused by mutation of the US-SCA genotype, as obligate parthenogenetic genotypes can rapidly evolve closely related clonal lineages that persist in agroecosystems (Loxdale and Balog, 2017;. Additionally, two of the SCA samples collected on Johnsongrass were a mixture of the US-SCA genotype and other genotypes.…”