Apertures in the Clostridium sporogenes spore coat and exosporium align to facilitate emergence of the vegetative cell

Brunt, Jason; Cross, Kathryn; Peck, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/j.fm.2015.04.013

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(62 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Apertures in the exosporium are also formed during germination of spores 820 of B. anthracis, which are formed at a "botllecap" structure located at one of the spore 821 poles (Steichen et al, 2007). The apertures formed in the exosporium during 822 germination of spores of different species may form at regions of lower rigidity built into 823 the structure during its assembly and may result, in part, from increased turgor 824 pressure of the forespore cytoplasm (Brunt et al, 2015, Steichen et al, 2007. It 825 seems likely that the apertures that result from chemical/mechanical disruption of C. 826 difficile spores are also formed during spore germination.…”

Section: Function Of Cdem In the Assembly Of The Exosporium 762mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and assembly of aClostridioides difficilespore polar appendage

Antunes

Pereira

Feliciano

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clostridioides difficile, a strict anaerobic spore-former, is the main cause of nosocomial disease associated to antibiotic therapy in adults and a growing concern in the community. Spores are the main infectious, persistence and transmission vehicle. Spore germination occurs in the intestine and the resulting vegetative cells will produce the toxins responsible for the disease symptoms, and spores. During sporulation, a wild type population bifurcates into two main spore morphotypes, with or without a thick exosporium. We show that this bifurcation extends to the formation of spores with a robust polar appendage or spores with a short appendage or that lack this structure. The cysteine-rich CdeM protein localizes to the appendage and around the entire surface of the spore, and is a major structural component of the exosporium, which we show is continuous with the appendage. In a CdeM mutant, when present, the polar appendage is short and disorganized. We show that wild type and cdeM spores with a short or no appendage germinate poorly in response to taurocholate, compared to those with an appendage. cdeM spores of the two types, however, germinate faster than their wild type counterparts. Thus, while the absence of CdeM may increase the permeability of spores to taurocholate, proper assembly of the appendage is also important for germination. Consistent with an overall enhancement of germination, a cdeM mutant shows increased virulence in a hamster model of disease. For a wild type population, spores with a short or no appendage germinate slower than the appendage-bearing spores. Differences in transmission, persistence and disease severity may result, in part, from their proportion in a spore population.

show abstract

Section: Function Of Cdem In the Assembly Of The Exosporium 762mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and assembly of aClostridioides difficilespore polar appendage

Antunes

Pereira

Feliciano

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The exosporium is reported to have a protrusion, or "sporiduct," at one pole of the spore, which in some spores becomes an opening or aperture in the exosporium (195,196). Functions ascribed to the exosporium include roles in germination, outgrowth, and attachment (195,197).…”

Section: Clostridium Sporogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functions ascribed to the exosporium include roles in germination, outgrowth, and attachment (195,197). A recent report indicates that the germination and outgrowth process for C. sporogenes strain ATCC 15579 involves rupture of the spore coat at a site adjacent to the exosporium aperture (196). The emerging cell exits the spore coat and exosporium through these aligned openings.…”

Section: Clostridium Sporogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host

Stewart

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

138

155

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYMuch of what we know regarding bacterial spore structure and function has been learned from studies of the genetically well-characterized bacteriumBacillus subtilis. Molecular aspects of spore structure, assembly, and function are well defined. However, certain bacteria produce spores with an outer spore layer, the exosporium, which is not present onB. subtilisspores. Our understanding of the composition and biological functions of the exosporium layer is much more limited than that of other aspects of the spore. Because the bacterial spore surface is important for the spore's interactions with the environment, as well as being the site of interaction of the spore with the host's innate immune system in the case of spore-forming bacterial pathogens, the exosporium is worthy of continued investigation. Recent exosporium studies have focused largely on members of theBacillus cereusfamily, principallyBacillus anthracisandBacillus cereus. Our understanding of the composition of the exosporium, the pathway of its assembly, and its role in spore biology is now coming into sharper focus. This review expands on a 2007 review of spore surface layers which provided an excellent conceptual framework of exosporium structure and function (A. O. Henriques and C. P. Moran, Jr., Annu Rev Microbiol61:555–588, 2007,http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224). That review began a process of considering outer spore layers as an integrated, multilayered structure rather than simply regarding the outer spore components as independent parts.

show abstract

“…Since spore germination is the key stage in the transition from dormant spore to vegetative cell, a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in this process may contribute to an improved control of C. botulinum . Spore germination is relatively well understood in Bacillus (Setlow, 2014), and significant developments have been recently made in various species of Clostridium , including C. botulinum (Broussolle et al, 2002; Alberto et al, 2003; Paredes-Sabja et al, 2008b, 2009a; Burns et al, 2010; Adam et al, 2011; Banawas et al, 2013; Brunt et al, 2014, 2015; Meaney et al, 2015; Kevorkian et al, 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clostridium botulinum is a highly dangerous pathogen that forms very resistant endospores that are ubiquitous in the environment, and which, under favorable conditions germinate to produce vegetative cells that multiply and form the exceptionally potent botulinum neurotoxin. To improve the control of botulinum neurotoxin-forming clostridia, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in spore germination. Here we present models for spore germination in C. botulinum based on comparative genomics analyses, with C. botulinum Groups I and III sharing similar pathways, which differ from those proposed for C. botulinum Groups II and IV. All spores germinate in response to amino acids interacting with a germinant receptor, with four types of germinant receptor identified [encoded by various combinations of gerA, gerB, and gerC genes (gerX)]. There are three gene clusters with an ABC-like configuration; ABC [gerX1], ABABCB [gerX2] and ACxBBB [gerX4], and a single CA-B [gerX3] gene cluster. Subtypes have been identified for most germinant receptor types, and the individual GerX subunits of each cluster show similar grouping in phylogenetic trees. C. botulinum Group I contained the largest variety of gerX subtypes, with three gerX1, three gerX2, and one gerX3 subtypes, while C. botulinum Group III contained two gerX1 types and one gerX4. C. botulinum Groups II and IV contained a single germinant receptor, gerX3 and gerX1, respectively. It is likely that all four C. botulinum Groups include a SpoVA channel involved in dipicolinic acid release. The cortex-lytic enzymes present in C. botulinum Groups I and III appear to be CwlJ and SleB, while in C. botulinum Groups II and IV, SleC appears to be important.

show abstract

Apertures in the Clostridium sporogenes spore coat and exosporium align to facilitate emergence of the vegetative cell

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Structure and assembly of aClostridioides difficilespore polar appendage

Structure and assembly of aClostridioides difficilespore polar appendage

The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host

Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About