Apelin in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Different Species: A Critical Review

Kurowska, Patrycja; Barbe, Alix; Rozycka, M.; Chmielinska, J.; Dupont, Joëlle; Rak, Agnieszka

doi:10.1155/2018/9170480

Cited by 61 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(134 reference statements)

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“…) and apelin is known to stimulate vasculogenesis in the placenta (Kurowska et al . ). Consistently, our data showed increased AMPK phosphorylation and apelin protein levels in the placenta following exercise training, demonstrating the possible role of apelin with respect to mediating AMPK activation and placental angiogenesis stimulated by exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth

Son

Liu

Tian

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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Key pointsr Maternal exercise improves the metabolic health of maternal mice challenged with a high-fat diet.r Exercise intervention of obese mothers prevents fetal overgrowth. r Exercise intervention reverses impaired placental vascularization in obese mice. r Maternal exercise activates placental AMP-activated protein kinase, which was inhibited as a result of maternal obesity.Abstract More than one-third of pregnant women in the USA are obese and maternal obesity (MO) negatively affects fetal development, which predisposes offspring to metabolic diseases. The placenta mediates nutrient delivery to fetuses and its function is impaired as a result of MO. Exercise ameliorates metabolic dysfunction resulting from obesity, although its effect on placental function of obese mothers has not been explored. In the present study, C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned into two groups fed either a control or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then the mice on each diet were further divided into two subgroups with/without exercise. In HFD-induced obese mice, daily treadmill exercise during pregnancy reduced body weight gain, lowered serum glucose and lipid concentration, and improved insulin sensitivity of maternal mice. Importantly, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth (macrosomia) induced by MO. To further examine the preventive effects of exercise on fetal overgrowth, placental vascularization and nutrient transporters were analysed. Vascular density and the expression of vasculogenic factors were reduced as a result of MO but were recovered by maternal exercise. On the other hand, the contents of nutrient transporters were not substantially altered by MO or exercise, suggesting that the protective effects of exercise in MO-induced fetal overgrowth were primarily a result of the alteration of placental vascularization and improved maternal metabolism. Furthermore, exercise enhanced downstream insulin signalling and activated AMP-activated protein kinase in HFD placenta. In sum, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth induced by MO, which was Jun Seok Son received MS Degree in Kinesiology from Seoul National University. Currently, Jun Seok is a PhD student in the . His research interests focus on the impacts of maternal obesity, exercise, nutrition and other physiological conditions on fetal development and offspring health, especially the epigenetic mechanisms linking nutrients/metabolites to progenitor cell differentiation into myocytes/adipocytes. Ultimately, he aims to translate his work into clinical practice with respect to improving health outcomes for mothers and children affected by obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth

Son

Liu

Tian

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Apelin is a novel peptide, and the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled APJ receptor, an angiotensin-1-like receptor. It has also been classified as one of the recently discovered stress hormones, which was first isolated from the bovine stomach [ 108 , 109 ]. The physiologically active form of apelin is thought to be apelin-36.…”

Section: Apelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between stress hormones and phagocytic cells and its effect on the health status of dairy cows: A review

Alhussien

Dang

2020

Vet World

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Dairy cows are exposed to various stressors during their production cycle that makes them more susceptible to various diseases. Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) are important soldiers of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are the first responders to an inflammatory response and stress and kill pathogens by generating reactive oxygen species and by the release of various antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, etc. Macrophages, the other phagocytes, are also the cleanup crew for the innate immune system that removes debris, pathogens, and dead neutrophils later on after an inflammatory response. The neuroendocrine system along with phagocytes exhibits an immunomodulatory potential during stressful conditions. Neuroendocrine system directly affects the activity of phagocytes by communicating bidirectionally through shared receptors and messenger molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines. Different immune cells may show variable responses to each hormone. Short time exposure to stress can be beneficial, but repeated or extended exposure to stress may be detrimental to the overall health and well-being of an animal. Although some stresses associated with farming practices in dairy cows are unavoidable, better understanding of the interactions occurring between various stress hormones and phagocytic cells can help to reduce stress, improve productivity and animal welfare. This review highlights the role played by various stress hormones in modulating phagocytic cell performance of dairy cattle under inflammatory conditions.

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“…Apelin is another newly discovered adipokine. In addition to adipose tissue, it is expressed in other tissues like lung, kidney, ovary, heart, brain and blood vessels (13,14). Produced as a 77-amino acid prepropeptide, it is enzymatically cleaved into smaller fragments of 12, 17 and 36 amino acids in length and a 13-amino acid pyroglutamylated peptide that has the strongest physiological effect (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apelin and apelin receptor in human placenta: Expression, signalling pathway and regulation of trophoblast JEG‑3 and BeWo cells proliferation and cell cycle

et al. 2020

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Placentation requires the production of numerous growth factors, hormones and transcription factors. Many of them, like the adipose tissue-derived leptin or adiponectin, have been identified in the placenta and their role has been established in the proliferation and subsequent development of the placenta. Apelin is another adipokine known for proliferative effects in different cell types. PcR, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry were used to study mRNA and protein expression of apelin and its receptor (APJ) in syncytiotrophoblast (BeWo) and cytotrophoblast (JEG-3) cells as well in immunohistochemistry in human normal placenta slides. The effect of apelin on cell proliferation study was investigated by alamarBlue ® and cell counting Kit-8 assays, the cell cycle by the flow cytometry method and the protein expression of cyclins and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) were studied by western blotting. Apelin was increased in JEG-3 compared with in BeWo cells, while APJ was the same in both placenta cell lines. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed high cytoplasmic and/or membrane apelin localisation in JEG-3, while BeWo cells exhibited markedly weaker apelin signal in the cytoplasm. Apelin increased cell proliferation as well as the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, cyclin proteins and the expression of all kinases mentioned above. In conclusion, apelin by promotion of trophoblast cell proliferation by APJ and ERK1/2, Stat3 and AMPKα signalling could be a new important adipokine in the regulation of early placental development.

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Apelin in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Different Species: A Critical Review

Cited by 61 publications

References 79 publications

Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth

Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth

Interaction between stress hormones and phagocytic cells and its effect on the health status of dairy cows: A review

Apelin and apelin receptor in human placenta: Expression, signalling pathway and regulation of trophoblast JEG‑3 and BeWo cells proliferation and cell cycle

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