Ape Origins of Human Malaria

Sharp, Paul M.; Plenderleith, Lindsey J.; Hahn, Beatrice H.

doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115628

Cited by 51 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Natural infection by P. brasilianum has been described in approximately 31 species of New World monkeys from Costa Rica to Brazil [ 25 , 29 , 34 , 35 ]. Additionally, some phylogenetic studies suggest that P. brasilianum represents an anthropozoonosis acquired by New World monkeys from humans who migrated from Africa [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Simian Plasmodia and Their Relationshimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, studies of simian malaria have focused on the detection of Plasmodium in blood samples through an invasive process often harmful to wild specimens, usually causing injury or death during containment and anesthesia. Nowadays, alternative noninvasive methodologies have enabled safer and more effective screening, allowing the detection of parasite DNA using other types of samples, such as feces, urine, and saliva [ 38 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Simian Plasmodia and Their Relationshimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation

et al. 2021

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In the south and southeast regions of Brazil, cases of malaria occur outside the endemic Amazon region near the Atlantic Forest in some coastal states, where Plasmodium vivax is the recognized parasite. Characteristics of cases and vectors, especially Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, raise the hypothesis of a zoonosis with simians as reservoirs. The present review aims to report on investigations of the disease over a 23-year period. Two main sources have provided epidemiological data: the behavior of Anopheles vectors and the genetic and immunological aspects of Plasmodium spp. obtained from humans, Alouatta simians, and Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Anopheles (K.) cruzii is the most captured species in the forest canopy and is the recognized vector. The similarity between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium and that between Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum shared between simian and human hosts and the involvement of the same vector in the transmission to both hosts suggest interspecies transfer of the parasites. Finally, recent evidence points to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in a silent cycle, detected only by molecular methods in asymptomatic individuals and An. (K.) cruzii. In the context of malaria elimination, it is paramount to assemble data about transmission in such non-endemic low-incidence areas.

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Section: Simian Plasmodia and Their Relationshimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simian Plasmodia and Their Relationshimentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation

et al. 2021

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“…Until recently, it was thought to have evolved from an ancestor that infected the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and to have speciated with its hosts (into P. falciparum in humans and P. reichenowi in chimpanzees). More recent sampling of the Laverania subgenus suggests a likely cross-species transmission from gorillas, as its closest relative is the gorilla parasite P. praefalciparum [51,52]. Perhaps due to this recent host switch the historical P. falciparum populations underwent a population bottleneck that is evident today in the low level of genetic diversity present in the species, much lower than in the other Laverania [10,52,53], or in P. vivax [54].…”

Section: Figure 2 Plasmodium Falciparum Population Genomics (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in the ‘Omics Era’

Pegoraro

Weedall

2021

Genes

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Genomics has revolutionised the study of the biology of parasitic diseases. The first Eukaryotic parasite to have its genome sequenced was the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Since then, Plasmodium genomics has continued to lead the way in the study of the genome biology of parasites, both in breadth—the number of Plasmodium species’ genomes sequenced—and in depth—massive-scale genome re-sequencing of several key species. Here, we review some of the insights into the biology, evolution and population genetics of Plasmodium gained from genome sequencing, and look at potential new avenues in the future genome-scale study of its biology.

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“…It is known that malaria or “swamp fever” refers to a group of transmissible infectious diseases transmitted to humans by bites of female mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles, caused by parasitic protists of the genus Plasmodium, mainly P. falciparum [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. According to the WHO World Malaria Report, at the beginning of the 21st century, the incidence ranged from 350 to 500 million cases per year, of which 1 to 3 million ended in death [ 26 , 27 ]. In connection with these ominous data, any new sources of natural antimalarial agents are of great interest to medicine and pharmacology, as well as to the pharmaceutical industry [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiprotozoal and Antitumor Activity of Natural Polycyclic Endoperoxides: Origin, Structures and Biological Activity

et al. 2021

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Polycyclic endoperoxides are rare natural metabolites found and isolated in plants, fungi, and marine invertebrates. The purpose of this review is a comparative analysis of the pharmacological potential of these natural products. According to PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) estimates, they are more likely to exhibit antiprotozoal and antitumor properties. Some of them are now widely used in clinical medicine. All polycyclic endoperoxides presented in this article demonstrate antiprotozoal activity and can be divided into three groups. The third group includes endoperoxides, which show weak antiprotozoal activity with a reliability of up to 70%, and this group includes only 1.1% of metabolites. The second group includes the largest number of endoperoxides, which are 65% and show average antiprotozoal activity with a confidence level of 70 to 90%. Lastly, the third group includes endoperoxides, which are 33.9% and show strong antiprotozoal activity with a confidence level of 90 to 99.6%. Interestingly, artemisinin and its analogs show strong antiprotozoal activity with 79 to 99.6% confidence against obligate intracellular parasites which belong to the genera Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Leishmania, and Coccidia. In addition to antiprotozoal activities, polycyclic endoperoxides show antitumor activity in the proportion: 4.6% show weak activity with a reliability of up to 70%, 65.6% show an average activity with a reliability of 70 to 90%, and 29.8% show strong activity with a reliability of 90 to 98.3%. It should also be noted that some polycyclic endoperoxides, in addition to antiprotozoal and antitumor properties, show other strong activities with a confidence level of 90 to 97%. These include antifungal activity against the genera Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus, as well as anti-inflammatory activity. This review provides insights on further utilization of polycyclic endoperoxides by medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and the pharmaceutical industry.

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Ape Origins of Human Malaria

Cited by 51 publications

References 126 publications

Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation

Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation

Malaria in the ‘Omics Era’

Antiprotozoal and Antitumor Activity of Natural Polycyclic Endoperoxides: Origin, Structures and Biological Activity

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