Apatitic Tricalcium Phosphate as Novel Smart Solids for Supported Aqueous Phase Catalysis (SAPC)

Intensification of catalytic olefin hydroformylation in CO2‐expanded media

“…Several approaches for catalyst recovery have been reported in the literature: Immobilizing homogeneous Rh catalysts on various supports, that is, MCM‐41,3 zeolites,4 nanotubes,5 SAPC,6 and polymers 7, 8 Biphasic media such as water/organic,9 water/CO 2 ,10, 11 and room‐temperature ionic liquid/CO 2 ,12 wherein the catalyst is sequestered in either the water or the ionic liquid phases, whereas the product preferentially separates into the organic phase or the CO 2 phase. Using a “phase transition switch,” whereby reactions are performed homogeneously, following which the catalysts are recovered from the product stream by phase transition triggered by a change in either the system temperature13, 14 or pressure 15, 16…”

“…Immobilizing homogeneous Rh catalysts on various supports, that is, MCM‐41,3 zeolites,4 nanotubes,5 SAPC,6 and polymers 7, 8…”

Homogeneous catalytic hydroformylation of 1-octene in CO2-expanded solvent media

“…A summary of the literature may be found in Ungvary's (2003) annual review. Recent research may be categorized under three different areas: (1) immobilizing the homogeneous catalysts on various inorganic and organic supports to eliminate the catalyst recovery steps (Lu and Alper, 2003;Lopez-Castillo et al, 2003;Marteel et al, 2003;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2003;Yoon et al, 2003), (2) utilizing phase transfer catalysts, emulsions, or supported aqueous phase catalysis (SAPC) techniques in biphasic systems to improve catalyst/substrate contacts (Dessoudeix et al, 2002;Haumann et al, 2003;Peng et al, 2003;Zheng et al, 1998), and (3) employing novel temperature or pressure-tunable solvent media which makes it possible to conduct reactions in a homogeneous manner and catalyst recovery through phase separation without changing the composition of the reaction mixture. Research in the first two areas has led to significant advances in the understanding of the reaction mechanism as well as the functions of the catalysts.…”

m-Trisulfonated Triphenylphosphine

“…The catalytic materials consist of a thin film that resides on a high-surface-area support such as controlled-pore glass, 28 silica, 29 or recently the apatitic tricalcium phosphate supports. 30 The SAP and SHF systems usually exhibit high activity in the hydroformylation of several alkenes (short-and long-chain olefins, oleyl alcohol, 31 and α,β-unsaturated esters 32 ) even though the selectivity in favor of the linear aldehyde stays around 80%. These conditions barely show evidence of metal leaching under standard conditions and might lead to efficient recycling of the catalyst.…”