Apart we ride together: The motivations behind users of mixed-reality sports

Westmattelmann, Daniel; Grotenhermen, Jan-Gerrit; Sprenger, Marius; Rand, William; Schewe, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.044

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The findings from the area of indoor cycling are also relevant, where in particular an effect of starting strategy (Mattern et al, 2001), time of day (Atkinson et al, 2005), warm-up (Munro et al, 2017), recovery duration (Glaister et al, 2005), and precooling strategy (Quod et al, 2008) on athletic performance has been proven. It has already been demonstrated that the starting strategy in mixed-reality races is considerably different from that in road races, as the effort at the beginning of the race is significantly higher in mixed-reality races (Westmattelmann et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the performance-result gap can also be explained by specific knowledge about the mixed-reality sports platform. A corresponding example from the Zwift platform represents the effective use of power-ups, which make the athlete lighter, more aerodynamic, or invisible to competitors for a certain period of time and can thus be crucial for the race result (Westmattelmann et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mixed-reality sports platforms such as Zwift allow the athletic performance provided in the real world to be transferred into a virtual space so that the participating athletes can also physically interact and even compete with each other (Speicher et al, 2019;Westmattelmann et al, 2021a). Driven by the Covid-19 pandemic, mixed-reality sports have reached the highest level of sports in a very short time, with the first-ever Virtual Tour de France held in July 2020 (Westmattelmann et al, 2021a). Both the women's and men's races, which were hosted on the indoor cycling platform Zwift, featured professional road cyclists (Westmattelmann et al, 2021b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Performance-Result Gap in Mixed-Reality Cycling – Evidence From the Virtual Tour de France 2020 on Zwift

et al. 2022

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Background: Mixed-reality sports are increasingly reaching the highest level of sport, exemplified by the first Virtual Tour de France, held in 2020. In road races, power output data are only sporadically available, which is why the effect of power output on race results is largely unknown. However, in mixed-reality competitions, measuring and comparing the power output data of all participants is a fundamental prerequisite for evaluating the athlete’s performance.Objective: This study investigates the influence of different power output parameters (absolute and relative peak power output) as well as body mass and height on the results in mixed-reality competitions.Methods: We scrape data from all six stages of the 2020 Virtual Tour de France of women and men and analyze it using regression analysis. Third-order polynomial regressions are performed as a cubic relationship between power output and competition result can be assumed.Results: Across all stages, relative power output over the entire distance explains most of the variance in the results, with maximum explanatory power between 77% and 98% for women and between 84% and 99% for men. Thus, power output is the most powerful predictor of success in mixed-reality sports. However, the identified performance-result gap reveals that other determinants have a subordinate role in success. Body mass and height can explain the results only in a few stages. The explanatory power of the determinants considered depends in particular on the stage profile and the progression of the race.Conclusion: By identifying this performance-result gap that needs to be addressed by considering additional factors like competition strategy or the specific use of equipment, important implications for the future of sports science and mixed-reality sports emerge.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Performance-Result Gap in Mixed-Reality Cycling – Evidence From the Virtual Tour de France 2020 on Zwift

et al. 2022

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“…Since the pandemic, fitness activity has shifted from the gym to individual-based, at-home exercise training. Fitness platforms using mixed-reality and immersive virtual environment become highly popular [69]. Some examples of interactive health home fitness platforms are Mirror, Peloton, iFit, Zwift, etc.…”

Section: Future Directions and Emergent Area Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review

2021

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Recently, gamified wearable fitness trackers have received greater attention and usage among sport consumers. Although a moderate amount of aerobic physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of many serious illnesses, physical inactivity issues are still prominent. Although wearable fitness trackers have the potential to contribute to physical activity engagement and sustainable health outcomes, there are dwindling engagement and discontinuance issues. Thus, examining its gamification elements and role in physical activity becomes critical. This study examined the gamification elements in wearable fitness trackers and their role in physical activity and sports engagement. A comprehensive literature review yielded 26 articles that empirically measured a variety of gamification features and the effect of the device on physical activity and sports engagement. The study suggests three key gamification themes: goal-based, social-based, and rewards-based gamification that can be a point of interest for future scholars and practitioners. Based on the review, we propose a conceptual framework that embraces motivational affordances and engagement in physical activity and sports.

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“…In sport, digital technologies are mainly applied to measure, analyze or broadcast the performances of real-world athletes [ 28 ]. However, in recent years, a number of sports applications have emerged that pursue a more holistic approach, encompassing health and play, by offering their users a wide range of features [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 29 ].…”

Section: Conceptual Note and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

When It Comes to Screen Golf and Baseball, What Do Participants Think?

Seong¹,

Hong

2022

IJERPH

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Screen golf and baseball activities have been popular as virtual game content and sport activities, but no one has cogently explained why they are attractive to Korean urban society. Our research team analyzed the decision-making process for participating in screen golf and baseball through a widely used technology acceptance model (TAM) to explain the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, personal attitude, and individual intention. Structural equation modeling (SEM) verified five hypotheses established through a literature review, and 400 effective samples obtained through online surveys provided material for analysis. As a result of the analysis, perceived usefulness was the most important variable leading to participation in virtual reality sports. Based on this finding, we could conclude that the successful popularization of virtual reality sports depends on the development of applications sophisticated enough to provide practical usefulness to participants, such as physical posture correction and an improvement in personal athletic skills.

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Apart we ride together: The motivations behind users of mixed-reality sports

Cited by 22 publications

References 67 publications

The Performance-Result Gap in Mixed-Reality Cycling – Evidence From the Virtual Tour de France 2020 on Zwift

The Performance-Result Gap in Mixed-Reality Cycling – Evidence From the Virtual Tour de France 2020 on Zwift

Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review

When It Comes to Screen Golf and Baseball, What Do Participants Think?

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