Aortic sclerosis: clinical signs and diagnosis

Abstract

Atherosclerotic changes in the aorta result in progressive accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the intimal–medial layer with secondary inflammation, fibrous tissue deposition, surface erosions (ulcers), and plaque formation. The plaques and ulcers are associated with clot formation and emboli resulting in a variety of clinical symptoms. Modern imaging technologies such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiography are used in the diagnosis; however, transoesophageal echocardiography remains the gold standard for plaque visualization in the thoracic aorta. Treatment strategies revolve around risk factor reduction and management of general atherosclerosis, as there are no other proven therapies to date.