Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Silymarin compared to diazepam and fluoxetine in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury

Kosari‐Nasab, Morteza; Shokouhi, Ghaffar; Ghorbanihaghjo, Amir; Abbasi, Mehran Mesgari; Salari, Ali-Akbar

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.012

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The enhanced immobility behavior of SPS rats was reported previously in several studies in which tail suspension and forced swimming tests were used [24][25][26]. Consistent with the findings of the current study, silymarin was reported before to have antidepressant action [22,28]. One limitation that does not escape the conclusions obtained from the TST is that we were unable to investigate depression-like symptoms in a multidimensional manner, as no other parameters were available to do so from the TST.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Anxiolytic-like behavior induced by silymarin administration in EPM was reported previously by Kosari-Nasab et al [28], where adolescent oral silymarin treatment increases anxiety-like behaviors in adult mice [28]. Conversely, silymarin was reported in another study to reduce the anxiety-like symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury in mice [22]. Moreover, silybin, which is a major constituent of silymarin, was shown to reduce anxiety in hepatitis patients when ▶ Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…SPS was reported in the literature to induce anxiety-like behavior in rats [24][25][26]. However, long-term silymarin treatment reversed anxiety-like symptoms induced by mild traumatic brain injury in the OFT, while short-term treatment did not [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…There is little known about the activity of silymarin in ameliorating PTSD-like symptoms. To our knowledge, silymarin was only evaluated in traumatic brain injury [22]. In this study, we investi-gated the hypothesis that silymarin could prevent PTSD-induced memory impairment as well as anxiety-and depression-like symptoms.…”

Section: Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments Anxiety and Depressimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments, Anxiety, and Depressive-Like Symptoms in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

et al. 2018

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychopathological disease that is triggered by exposure to traumatic events. It is usually associated with substantial comorbidities, such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. Silymarin has been recently reported to exert neuroprotective activities against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Herein, the beneficial effects of silymarin in ameliorating PTSD-like symptoms such as memory impairments, anxiety, and depression were evaluated using a single-prolonged stress (SPS) rat model of PTSD. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control, silymarin, SPS, or SPS + silymarin. Rats were administrated silymarin, 100 mg/kg i. p. for 4 wk. Rats in all groups were tested for short- and long-term memory in the radial arm water maze (RAWM), for anxiety-like behaviors using the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and for depression-like symptoms using the tail suspension test (TST). Conventional analyses of the RAWM, EPM, OFT, and TST were conducted using analysis of variance. Additionally, the anxiety-related behavior parameters of the EPM and OFT were entered to principal component analysis. Regression scores based on the first two extracted components, which accounted for 61% of the variance, were indicative of the anxiolytic activity of silymarin. Collectively, the results suggest that silymarin treatment prevents SPS-induced long-term memory impairments, anxiety, and depressive-like symptoms in rat models.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments Anxiety and Depressimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments, Anxiety, and Depressive-Like Symptoms in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

et al. 2018

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“…Several studies reported that SM has neuroprotective influences in experimental models of ischemia, dementia, AD, and PD [ 16 , 17 ]. Furthermore, antidepressant and anxiolytic impacts of SM have been issued in rodents [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer’s-Like Disease in Rats

et al. 2020

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a worldwide rapidly growing neurodegenerative disease. Here, we elucidated the neuroprotective effects of silymarin (SM) on the hippocampal tissues of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rats using biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural approaches. Forty rats were divided into control, SM, AlCl3, and AlCl3 + SM groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 administration resulted in marked elevation in levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, AlCl3 significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Furthermore, myriad histological and ultrastructural alterations were recorded in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-treated rats represented as marked degenerative changes of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, some myelinated nerve fibers exhibited irregular arrangement of their myelin coats, while the others revealed focal degranulation of their myelin sheaths. Severe defects in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) were also recorded. However, co-administration of SM with AlCl3 reversed most of the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes triggered by AlCl3 in rats. The results of the current study indicate that SM can potentially mend most of the previously evoked neuronal damage in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-kindled rats.

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Pharmacological Therapies for Concussions

Hall

Park

Baker

2022

Tackling the Concussion Epidemic

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Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Silymarin compared to diazepam and fluoxetine in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury

Cited by 44 publications

References 103 publications

Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments, Anxiety, and Depressive-Like Symptoms in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Silymarin Prevents Memory Impairments, Anxiety, and Depressive-Like Symptoms in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer’s-Like Disease in Rats

Pharmacological Therapies for Concussions

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