Anxiety-Proneness, Anxiety Symptoms, and The Role of Parental Overprotection in Young South African Children

Howard, Megan; Muris, Peter; Loxton, Helene; Wege, Andrea

doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0545-z

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Furthermore, earlier research in the Western Cape, South Africa, found that there was a prevalence between 22% and 25.6% for childhood anxiety symptoms among a sample of 7- to 13-year-olds [ 17 ]. This confirms that children in South Africa experience increased levels of anxiety [ 16 ]. Therefore, addressing anxiety in ECD is crucial to realizing the 2030 SDGs, specifically Goal 3, which is to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being across all developmental stages.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…This indicates that anxiety symptoms can be present as early as the ECD phase. Within the South African context, a study conducted by Howard et al [ 16 ] found that preschool children (aged 2 to 6 years) showed elevated levels of anxiety symptoms and anxiety proneness compared to children in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, earlier research in the Western Cape, South Africa, found that there was a prevalence between 22% and 25.6% for childhood anxiety symptoms among a sample of 7- to 13-year-olds [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing an Anxiety Screening Tool for Children in South Africa: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Benjamin¹,

Adebiyi²,

Rich³

et al. 2022

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Early childhood experiences such as trauma, exposure to violence, and poverty can significantly contribute to childhood anxiety, which is viewed as the most common mental health issue among children. In South Africa, there is no uniform tool to screen for anxiety during early childhood. This study aims to develop a tool to screen for anxiety in children aged 4 to 8 years, which could be utilized by preschool and foundation phase teachers to aid in the early identification of childhood anxiety. Objective The overall objective of this study is to explore understanding and perceptions of childhood anxiety among teachers, parents, and experts and to develop a tool to screen for anxiety in children aged 4 to 8 years. Methods This project will use a mixed method design that will consist of 4 stages. Stage 1 will consist of a scoping review. In Stage 2, data will be collected via semistructured interviews with 60 participants, including parents, teachers, and experts, and will be thematically analyzed. Stage 3 will consist of 20 experts and the researcher collaboratively formulating the proposed screening tool in the form of an e-Delphi component. Once the tool is refined, it will be piloted in Stage 4 with 20 teachers, and data will be analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test to test for normality. Additionally, factor analysis will be done to refine and restructure the tool as necessary. Results This project was funded from April 2020 to December 2021. Data collection began in September 2022 and is projected to conclude in December 2022 for the qualitative component. The e-Delphi component is expected to be carried out from March to November 2023. Ethical approval was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee in November 2021. Conclusions Anxiety in early childhood has been linked to various repercussions in adolescence and adulthood, such as school dropout, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, depression, and suicide ideation. Therefore, identifying the presence of anxiety earlier on and providing the necessary referral services could aid in reducing the negative consequences of unidentified and untreated anxiety in early childhood. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/37364

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing an Anxiety Screening Tool for Children in South Africa: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Benjamin¹,

Adebiyi²,

Rich³

et al. 2022

JMIR Res Protoc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given that the specific cultural factors of a population influence the perception and the expression of the BI trait [26][27][28][29][30], it is important to develop, through accurate validation studies, sensitive instruments for the assessment of BI. Considering the clinical implications of BI for child and adolescent mental health, the availability of a valid tool is of particular relevance for the early identification of children at higher risk for psychopathology and the realization of tailored interventions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of cultural factors should also be considered, as levels of BI displayed by children of various cultures may differ [26][27][28][29][30], also according to parents' perception [31]. In particular, a low frequency of inhibition has been observed in Western countries [26,29] and this could be in part explained by the negative connotation these cultural contexts give to shyness and inhibition, considered as socially immature and maladaptive behaviors, while assertiveness and competition are highly promoted and supported [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Italian Version of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) for Preschool Children

Agostini

Benassi

Minelli

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a temperamental trait characterized by fear and wariness in reaction to new and unfamiliar stimuli, both social and non-social. BI has been recognized as possible forerunner of anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety and phobia; therefore, its assessment is clinically relevant. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ), which measures BI in preschool children. The BIQ was completed by 417 Italian parents (230 mothers, 187 fathers) of 270 preschoolers aged 3–5. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good internal validity: the factorial structure was corresponding to the original six-factor version. Results showed excellent internal consistency, significant item-total correlations, good inter-rater reliability, convergent validity (by correlating the BIQ with the Italian Questionnaires of Temperament-QUIT, the Anxiety-Shy Conner’s Scale and the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery) and discriminant validity (i.e., no correlation with Conners’ ADHD scale). Significant correlations emerged between BI indexes and total BIQ scores of parents and maternal (but not paternal) versions of the questionnaire. Altogether, the results are promising and consistent with previous validation studies, suggesting the BIQ as a reliable and valid measure for evaluating parents’ perception of BI in Italian preschoolers.

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“…The mothers explained that they wanted to protect their daughters from men, whilst the daughters stated that their mothers’ negativity depressed them. Parental overprotection was identified recently in South African preschool children as a source of anxiety disorders (Howard, Muris, Loxton, & Wege, 2017), and is likely to have had the same effect on these young women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material and Relational Difficulties: The Impact of the Household Environment on the Emotional Well-Being of Young Black Women Living in Soweto, South Africa

Cohen

Ware

Prioreschi

et al. 2019

Journal of Family Issues

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South Africa is an upper-middle income country with high levels of inequality. Young urban black women living in historically disadvantaged suburbs are particularly vulnerable to these socioeconomic inequalities. We conducted a qualitative study (four focus group discussions with young nulliparous women and 13 dual semistructured interviews between women and their mother) to better understand the household environment context of young women living in Soweto (a poor urban predominantly black township) and how this impacts their emotional well-being. Several household-centered issues were identified that impacted the young women’s well-being including both material and relational elements. These issues resulted in household environmental perturbations involving several psychological disturbances (stress, chronic anger, depression, and suicidal thoughts) stated by young women. Urban young black women experience significant material and relational hardships within the household environment. Interventions that aim to optimize young women’s emotional well-being should better recognize both economic and cultural aspects impacting on them.

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Anxiety-Proneness, Anxiety Symptoms, and The Role of Parental Overprotection in Young South African Children

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Developing an Anxiety Screening Tool for Children in South Africa: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Developing an Anxiety Screening Tool for Children in South Africa: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Validation of the Italian Version of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) for Preschool Children

Material and Relational Difficulties: The Impact of the Household Environment on the Emotional Well-Being of Young Black Women Living in Soweto, South Africa

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