Anxiety or pain: What does the scale measure?

Shacham, Saya; Daut, Randall L.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.3.468

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…As Katz et al (1981) and Sacham and Daut (1981) indicated previously, a distinction between anxiety and pain in clinical research is difficult, especially for children. However, our experience has been that few children had difficulty distinguishing between the concepts of being "scared" and "hurt"; thus, we believe that the largest difficulty in assessing these variables resides in their mutual interdependence more than in a cognitive inability or unwillingness of some patients to think carefully about the ratings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-reports, observer reports, and a behavior checklist.

LeBaron¹,

Zeltzer²

1984

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

245

127

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Children and adolescents with cancer are frequently subjected to painful medical procedures that often result in anxiety and resistance to treatment. In a primary study of procedure-related distress in children, a behavioral rating scale was developed to assess the presence of distress behaviors. In the present study, a checklist of distress behaviors was compared to patient and observer ratings of pain and anxiety. Similar to the findings of previous investigations, children showed greater evidence of behavioral distress than adolescents only during the actual medical procedure. However, additional behaviors were observed that suggested that the checklist was age biased and that the two age groups experienced an equal amount of stress. This assumption was supported by a measure of intensity and by observer reports and patient self-reports that showed no differences between the two age groups. None of the measures showed any significant differences for sex or ethnic origin. The present data did confirm earlier findings that younger patients have less physical control and more emotional outbursts than adolescents during a stressful procedure. Because investigations of the efficacy of behavioral interventions for painful procedures must rely on some form of assessment of children's distress, these results support our conclusion that clinical research on pain and anxiety should incorporate both self-report and observer data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-reports, observer reports, and a behavior checklist.

LeBaron¹,

Zeltzer²

1984

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

245

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As we have replicated this result with parents, this suggests parents reported the young child's pain in a similar manner to child self-reported pain. This is important as children under 5 years old have trouble accurately self-reporting pain intensity and young child pain can go unrecognized and untreated (Blount, Piira, Cohen, & Cheng, 2006;McGrath & Frager, 1996;Shacham & Daut, 1981). However, it is important to consider the validity of parent-reported measures for child pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of parental acute psychological distress in paediatric burn re‐epithelialization

Brown

Young

Kimble

et al. 2019

British J Health Psychol

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Objectives. Following a paediatric burn, parents commonly experience high levels of acute psychological distress, which has been shown to increase child psychological distress as well as child procedural distress. The influence of psychological stress and perceived pain on wound healing has been demonstrated in several laboratory and medical populations. This paper investigates the influence of parental acute psychological distress and procedural behaviour on the child's rate of re-epithelialization, after controlling for child procedural distress. Design. A prospective observational study with longitudinal outcome.Methods. Eighty-three parents of children 1-6 years old reported acute psychological distress (post-traumatic stress symptoms [PTSS], guilt, pre-procedural fear, general anxiety/depression symptoms) in relation to their child's burn. A researcher observed parent-child behaviour at the first dressing change, and parents and nurses reported child procedural distress (pre-, peak-, and post-procedural pain and fear). These variables, along with demographic and injury information, were tested for predicting time to re-epithelialization. Date of re-epithelialization was determined by the treating consultant.Results. Days to re-epithelialization ranged from 3 to 35 days post-injury. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis found wound depth and size significantly accounted for 28% of the variance in time to re-epithelialization. In Block 2, child peak-procedural pain significantly accounted for 6% additional variance. In Block 3, parental PTSS significantly accounted for 5% additional variance.Conclusions. Parental PTSS appears to be an important but under-recognized factor that may influence their child's burn re-epithelialization. Further investigation is required to understand the mechanisms contributing to this association.

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“…Katz, Kellerman, and Siegel (1980) studied 115 children with cancer who were undergoing bone marrow aspirations to develop a reliable and valid measurement scale of behavioral distress. Given the difficulty in distinguishing between anxiety and acute pain, since these terms refer to constructs (Shacham & Dant, 1981), Katz, Kellerman, and Siegel (1981) defined behavioral distress as a general tern that encompasses the biobehaviors of negative affect, including anxiety, fear, and acute pain. Katz, Kellerman, and Siege1 (1980) found that behavioral distress (crying, clinging, screaming, verbal statements of pain or fear, flailing, and muscular rigidity) in response to bone marrow aspirations, as measured by the Procedural Behavior Rating Scale (PBRS), was virtually ubiquitous and did not decrease in the children studied.…”

Section: Pain From Medical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%