Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study

Jones, Abbeygail; Robinson, Emily; Oginni, Olakunle; Rahman, Qazi; Rimes, Katharine A.

doi:10.1111/jcpp.12757

Cited by 55 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Finally, we did not include the effect of childhood gender nonconforming (CGN) behavior on male sexual orientation. CGN is a powerful developmental predictor of adult sexual orientation as found in retrospective and prospective studies (e.g., Bailey & Zucker, 1995;Jones, Robinson, Oginni, Rahman, & Rimes, 2017;Xu & Zheng, 2017). Its place in the context of life history theory framework is somewhat unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life conditions, reproductive and sexuality-related life history outcomes among human males: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Norton

Rahman

2018

Evolution and Human Behavior

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life conditions, reproductive and sexuality-related life history outcomes among human males: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Norton

Rahman

2018

Evolution and Human Behavior

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“…9 Sexual minority adolescents are more likely to be bullied, 10 but there is evidence that bullying does not entirely account for poorer mental health. 38 Family discord and feelings of guilt, shame, fear, isolation and rejection are also reported and are associated with mental health problems. 39 We found that depressive symptoms began to decline from age 18 in the sample overall and more so in sexual minorities.…”

Section: Sexual Orientation Was Measured With a Single Question Aboutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals in the UK: a population-based cohort study

Irish

Solmi

Mars

et al. 2019

The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health

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Background: There are few population-based cohort studies of the emergence, development, and persistence of mental health problems in sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals.We compared trajectories of depressive symptoms from 10 to 21 years of age in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents, and examined self-harm at ages 16 and 21. Methods:The study included 4828 adolescents from the ALSPAC birth cohort (Bristol, UK) who reported their sexual orientation at age 16. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (sMFQ) at seven time-points between ages 10 and 21. A self-harm questionnaire was completed at ages 16 and 21. Analyses were linear multilevel models with growth curves (depressive symptoms), logistic multilevel models (self-harm in the past year at ages 16 and 21) and multinomial regression (lifetime self-harm with and without suicidal intent at age 21). Findings:In sexual minorities, depressive symptoms were higher at age 10 and increased to a larger extent compared to heterosexuals. In heterosexuals, depressive symptoms increased by 0.31 sMFQ points at each time-point (95% CI 0.27 to 0.34) and in sexual minorities by 0.49 sMFQ points (95% CI 0.40 to 0.59). Sexual minority adolescents were more likely to report self-harm in the past year at ages 16 and 21 (adjusted odds ratio 4.23, 95% CI 2.90 to 6.16), with no evidence that this estimate reduced with age (p=0.798). At 21, sexual minorities were 4.53 (95% CI 3.02 to 6.78) times more likely to report previous self-harm with suicidal intent.

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“…The paper by Jones, Robinson, Oginni, Rahman, and Rimes () of the Journal addresses many of these issues and extends them in several ways. The sample is drawn from the well know Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a longitudinal birth cohort study of children born in the early 1990s in Bristol, England.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An important study to consider in conjunction with the Jones et al. paper () is a study by Olson, Durwood, DeMeules, and McLaughlin () demonstrating limited increased risk for anxiety and depression in socially transitioned transgender children who are supported in their gender identity. As they get older, getting appropriate support such as hormone therapy and gender confirming surgery can improve psychological functioning (de Vries et al., ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, Jones et al (2017) noted the possibility of underreporting sexual orientation and of changing orientation, identification, and/or behavior as they develop. Although studies of what accounts for persistence and desistance of gender nonconformity have provided some insights, it is especially challenging to predict persistence of gender nonconformity in individual cases (Steensma, McGuire, Kreukels, Beekman, & Cohen-Kettenis, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Editorial: Minding the gap – research on sexual minority and gender nonconforming children and adolescents

Zeanah¹,

Myint²

2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Summary There is often a gap between politics and science, but the influence across the gap is bidirectional. This editorial considers a longitudinal, community‐based sample of children and adolescents and asks about risks from early childhood gender non‐conformity and adolescent reported sexual minority status for subsequent anxiety disorders. It is especially valuable to have longitudinal data from a non‐referred sample to address questions of risk, and the investigators must be complemented for having foresight about these questions twenty years ago. The topics of our investigations are informed and motivated by cultural assumptions, pressures and conflicts. In the example discussed, transgender people are not new, but research on their development is fairly recent, as they are culturally now more accepted as different rather than pathological. Research findings also matter to the culture. Dropping homosexuality as a mental disorder in formal nosologies occurred with significant scientific substantiation. The value of this research to enhance clinical care and offer informed parental guidance about children of a minority status cannot be overemphasized.

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Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study

Abstract: Sexual minority youth are at increased risk of anxiety disorders relative to heterosexual youth at 17.5 years. Bullying between 12-16 years and lower self-esteem may contribute to this risk.

Cited by 55 publications

References 46 publications

Early life conditions, reproductive and sexuality-related life history outcomes among human males: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Early life conditions, reproductive and sexuality-related life history outcomes among human males: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Depression and self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals in the UK: a population-based cohort study

Editorial: Minding the gap – research on sexual minority and gender nonconforming children and adolescents

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