Anxiety Disorders - Assessment and Management in General Practice

Abstract

The objective of this article is to provide an update on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of anxiety disorders in adults. This article covers the following disorders: panic disorder, panic attacks, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Selective mutism and separation anxiety disorder, being childhood anxiety disorders, will not be covered. Obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, which are not categorized as anxiety disorders in DSM-5, will not be covered.Anxiety and related disorders are common mental health disorders but are under-diagnosed and undertreated. Most cases of anxiety disorders present first to the primary care physician and can be managed in primary care.It is important to take a detailed history of the patient's symptoms and their severity and duration, enquire about psychosocial stressors, as well as symptoms that may be suggestive of a medical condition and also to assess suicidality. A combined approach of psycho-education, relaxation training, and medications give the best results. SSRIs are first line pharmacologic treatment for most anxiety disorders. There is a need to stress that benzodiazepines have no role in the longterm treatment of anxiety disorders. They should not be given for more than 2 to 4 weeks. Treatment for generalized anxiety disorder should be for at least 32 weeks as high relapse rates are reported after discontinuing medications.

Anxiety and Reassurance Seeking Behaviour in Children

“…Anxiety is a normal physiological reaction to threatening situations and serves to protect individuals from danger by motivating them to react. Although moderate levels of anxiety can be beneficial and lead to improved performance in some contexts, high levels of anxiety can be problematic and impairing (Kyrios et al, 2011).…”

Anxiety and Reassurance Seeking Behaviour in Children

“…Anxiety is a normal physiological reaction to threatening situations and serves to protect individuals from danger by motivating them to react. Although moderate levels of anxiety can be beneficial and lead to improved performance in some contexts, high levels of anxiety can be problematic and impairing (Kyrios et al, 2011).…”