Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers

Abstract

The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected health-care workers’ psychological and mental health. Few studies have been conducted examining the psychological effect of COVID-19 on health-care worker psychological health in Jordan. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the respective levels of fear, anxiety, depression, stress, social support, and the associated factors, experienced by Jordanian health-care workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This study adopted a cross-sectional, correlational design to collect data from 365 health-care workers in Amman, Jordan, from August 16th to 23rd, 2020. Along with collecting sociodemographic characteristics, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support electronically administered to participants. The majority of the participants (69.3%) were registered nurses. The mean overall score for the Fear of COVID-19 scale was 23.64 (SD + 6.85) which again exceeded the mid-point for the total score range (21), indicating elevated level fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants had displayed extremely severe depression 40%, extremely severe anxiety 60%, and 35% severely distressed. Scores for depression (21.30 ± 10.86), anxiety (20.37 ± 10.80), stress (23.33 ± 10.87) were also high. Factors determined to be associated with psychological distress were being male, married, aged 40 years and older, and having more clinical experience. Assessment of social support indicated moderate-to-high levels of perceived support for all dimensions (significant other: 5.17 ± 1.28, family: 5.03 ± 1.30, friends: 5.05 ± 1.30). Weak significant correlations were found between social support and the other study variables (r < 0.22), indicating a weak association with fear, depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Overall, Jordanian health-care workers sample reported fear, depression, anxiety, and stress. The associated factors were being male, married, aged 40 years and older, and having more clinical experience. Regarding social support, participants primarily relied on support from their families, followed by support from friends.

Mental Health Outcomes of Healthcare Providers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In addition, frontline healthcare workers engaged direct care of patients were significantly associated with higher symptoms of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and insomnia) (19). In contrast, preliminary data in Jordan indicated that being male, married, age 40 and above and have more clinical experience are associated with the psychological distress of healthcare providers (28). These factors have also been linked during the previous outbreak (SARS) in which high levels of depressive symptoms were observed among healthcare workers who closely treat patients (12).…”

“…Regarding GAD-7 anxiety, 15-21 was considered with severe anxiety, 0-4 (normal), 5-9 (mild), and 10-14 having moderate anxiety. The 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; range, 0-28) was used to assess and categorized ISI, normal (0-7), subthreshold (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), moderate (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21), and severe (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) insomnia (22). The last part of the questionnaire was the 22-item Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R; range, 0-88) and will be recorded as normal (0-8), mild (9-25), moderate (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43), and severe (44-88) distress (23).…”

Examining the Determinants of Healthcare Workers’ Performance: A Configurational Analysis during COVID-19 Times

“…The global employment situation of health workers caused by the COVID-19 pandemic requires a lot of attention and concentration, high responsibility, work overload, and long or disorderly hours and shifts; which puts job performance and its health, social and economic repercussions at risk. The pandemic has affected health-care workers’ psychological and mental health [ 1 ]. This situation implies special attention to the human side of management.…”

The Vulnerable Cardiologists of the COVID-19 Era

“…15) In the United States, HCPs are at an increased risk for mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, burnout, and insomnia, which have further increased under the stressful circumstances of COVID-19 due to isolation, reduced income, and risk of infection. 16) Although 70% of HCPs engaged in COVID-19 care are females, 17) medical care has been affected by the largescale retirement of nurses after the pandemic in some hospitals in Japan. 7) In a 2020 tentative report by the Police Agency in Japan, the rate of suicides was much higher than the number of deaths caused by COVID-19, and the prevalence among females has increased 80% more than that prior to the pandemic.…”