Anxiety but not depression is associated with metabolic syndrome: The Isfahan healthy heart program

Abstract

Background:Only a few studies have carried out to evaluate the association of depression and anxiety with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the depression and anxiety are associated with MetS and its different components.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study forms part of the prospective Isfahan Cohort Study. A total of 470 participants were chosen. Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured using hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The MetS was diagnosed according to the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. One-way analysis of variance and binary logistic regression were used.Results:The mean age of participants was 55.7 ± 9.3. The prevalence of MetS in female participants with symptoms of depression (P < 0.0001), concurrent anxiety and depression (P = 0.004), anxiety (P < 0.0001), and asymptomatic individuals (P = 0.001) was significantly different when compared to male participants. Moreover, the analysis showed that having anxiety symptoms is in a negative relationship with MetS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12–0.78). In addition, with each 10-year increase in age, the probability of MetS will decrease 40% (OR = 0.59; 95%Cl = 0.53–0.72). Body mass index (OR = 1.29; 95%CI = 1.21–1.37), and gender (higher age for women) (OR = 0.34; 95%CI = 0.11–0.98) had positive relationship with MetS.Conclusion:The study findings revealed that the prevalence of MetS in patients with anxiety was lower than the healthy subjects, while no significant association was found between depression, concurrent depression, an anxiety with MetS.

The prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome in outpatients with first-episode drug-naive major depression comorbid with anxiety

“…In contrast to previous studies, our cross-sectional study showed that the prevalence of MetS among AMD outpatients was lower than that of age-standardized MetS in the Chinese Han population (8.04% vs 19.8%) 6 . Akbari et al found that the prevalence of MetS among patients with anxiety was lower than that among healthy controls 39 , which was consistent with our results. The prevalence of MetS varies dramatically due to the following factors.…”

“…Furthermore, Akbari et al found that older women had a higher prevalence of MetS 39 , but we found that although the proportion of women in the MetS group (68.5%) was higher than that in the non-MetS group (65.3%), no significant difference was found. A longitudinal 6-year follow-up study found that sex was not related to MetS 48 .…”

“…In a meta-analysis that examined data from cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies, cross-sectional studies showed that anxiety was significantly positively correlated with MetS, but the cohort study suggested that the relationship between anxiety and MetS was negligible 22 . One prospective cohort study found that the prevalence of MetS among anxiety patients was lower than that among healthy subjects and that anxiety symptoms were negatively correlated with MetS 39 . Therefore, the causal relationship between anxiety and metabolism should be explored in longitudinal cohort studies with larger sample sizes, and further studies related to mechanisms in animal model studies may obtain more reliable evidence.…”

Subclinical hypothyroidism and anxiety may contribute to metabolic syndrome in Sichuan of China: a hospital-based population study

“…Recently, Kim, M. D. et al found that depressed individuals with SCH are more likely to meet the criteria for MetS, indicating the existence of the complicated relation among depression, SCH and MetS 32 . In the current study, we failed to identify depression as independent risk factor for MetS, which was in line with findings of some previous studies but in conflict with others [33][34][35] . To a great extent, this contradiction could be attributed to the differences in socioeconomics, cultural background and diagnostic criteria among various researches.…”

Psychophysiological Status and Life Quality in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome Living in Central Kazakhstan

“…Several prior studies of MetS have documented that anxiety had a significant positive association with MetS [43], [44]. This study showed that high trait anxiety level but not state anxiety level accompanied MetS, as already reported earlier by Lemche et al [45].…”