Anxiety and Fear

Emmelkamp, Paul M. G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7275-6_13

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 249 publications

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“…The anxiety perspective led many to try to enhance behavioral change by fostering high anxiety arousal during treatment sessions. However, considerable research showed that high anxiety is not especially therapeutic (Emmelkamp, 1982;Marks, 1978a;Mathews et al, 1981). The exposure model, on the other hand, provides only the generalized directive to induce clients somehow to expose themselves in some way to dreaded stimuli until fear reactions extinguish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early research was guided primarily by the anxiety model (e.g., Mowrer, 1960;Wolpe, 1958), which held that treatments reduce phobic behavior by extinguishing conditioned anxiety reactions. Evidence mounted showing that anxiety arousal was largely unrelated to phobic behavior (Bandura, 1969;Lader, 1975;Lang, 1971;Leitenberg, Agras, Butz, & Wincze, 1971;Rachman, 1976;Rachman & Hodgson, 1974) and that clients' anxiety during treatment had little or no bearing on therapeutic outcome (Emmelkamp, 1982;Marks, 1978a;Mathews, Gelder, & Johnston, 1981). As a result, the role of anxiety was downplayed, but the procedures and processes of therapeutic change continued to be conceptualized in terms of "exposure" and "extinction" (Borkovec, 1978;Marks, 1978a;Mathews et al, 1981;Mavissakalian & Barlow, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias.

Williams

Dooseman²,

Kleinfield³

1984

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

128

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The present experiment was a comparative test of two prominent models of phobia treatment: the exposure model, which emphasizes the extinction of phobic responses through prolonged exposure to feared stimuli, and the self-efficacy model, which emphasizes building a strong sense of mastery by promoting rapid performance accomplishments. Severe height and driving phobics were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (a) mastery-oriented treatment based on selfefficacy theory, (b) exposure treatment, and (c) no treatment. Although the two treatments were equivalent in duration of exposure and in the degree of inducement to confront threats rapidly, mastery treatment proved to be significantly more effective than exposure in restoring subjects' behavioral functioning, strengthening their perceived self-efficacy, and diminishing their anticipated anxiety and performance-related anxiety. Both treatments were more effective than the control condition. The results supported the hypothesis that treatments effect behavioral change through their intervening influence on perceived self-efficacy: Self-efficacy predicted therapeutic behavior change significantly better than did anxiety, exposure duration, or performance level achieved during treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias.

Williams

Dooseman²,

Kleinfield³

1984

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The question of whether aggression is associated with stress and anxiety is important. Anxiety is believed to be associated with fear [3]. It is not typically associated with anger.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High aggression in rats is associated with elevated stress, anxiety-like behavior, and altered catecholamine content in the brain

Patki

Atrooz

Alkadhi

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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The social defeat paradigm involves aggressive encounters between Long-Evans (LE) (resident) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) (intruder) rats. Successful application of chronic social defeat stress in SD rats is dependent upon selection of highly aggressive LE rats. Half of the LE rats screened for aggression did not meet the criterion for aggression (LE rats performing a defeat, characterized by the intruder surrendering or acquiring a supine position for at least 3 sec). The observation of the differences in the level of aggression between age and weight matched LE rats was quite compelling which led us to the present study. Herein, we measured behavioral differences between aggressor and non-aggressor LE rats. We analyzed their anxiety-like behavior using open-field and elevated plus maze tests. We also measured aggression/violence-like behavior using two tests. In one, time taken to defeat the intruder SD rat was recorded. In the second test, time taken to attack a novel object was compared between the two groups. We observed a significant increase in anxiety-like behavior in aggressor rats when compared to the non-aggressive group. Furthermore, time taken to defeat the intruder rat and to attack a novel object was significantly lower in aggressive LE rats. Biochemical data suggests that heightened anxiety-like behavior and aggression is associated with increased plasma levels of corticosterones and elevated oxidative stress. Significant alterations in dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were observed within the hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, suggesting potential involvement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in regulation of aggressive behaviors.

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School Phobia and Separation Anxiety

Ollendick

King

1990

Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety

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Anxiety and Fear

Cited by 9 publications

References 249 publications

Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias.

Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias.

High aggression in rats is associated with elevated stress, anxiety-like behavior, and altered catecholamine content in the brain

School Phobia and Separation Anxiety

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