Anxiety and error monitoring: the importance of motivation and emotion

Proudfit, Greg Hajcak; Inzlicht, Michael; Mennin, Douglas S.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00636

Cited by 129 publications

(142 citation statements)

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“…In the main part, we review and discuss a growing literature that suggests close ties of action monitoring systems with emotional and social processes. In line with other recent accounts that suggest reciprocal interactions between cognitive control and emotion processing brain systems in dorsal mediofrontal cortex (dMFC) (Etkin et al, 2011;Moser et al, 2013;Pessoa, 2008;Proudfit et al, 2013;Shackman et al, 2011;Shenhav et al, 2013), we propose that error and action monitoring is an intrinsically affective and social process. However, we show that meta-analytic activation maps support overlapping brain responses to error processing, emotional, and social information processing not only in dMFC, but also in several other brain regions, including anterior insula and lateral prefrontal cortex.…”

Section: Overview and Motivationsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Psychophysiological and behavioral studies showed that response errors (and conflicts) activate a defensive motivational system (recently reviewed by Dreisbach and Fischer, 2012;Proudfit et al, 2013). For example, response errors during a flanker task yield larger skin conductance responses and greater heart rate deceleration than correct decisions (Hajcak et al, 2003b), as well as a larger potentiation of the startle reflex (Foti and Hajcak, 2009).…”

Section: Interactions Between Affective Processes and Error Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this evidence, some authors have put forward the proposal that the ERN could be considered as a reliable endophenotype or biomarker for internalizing disorders (Olvet and Hajcak, 2008;Proudfit et al, 2013). Yet, it remains currently unclear why internalizing disorders would be associated with overactive early error monitoring processes at the level of the ERN-CRN component exclusively.…”

Section: Evidence From Individual Differences and Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flexible regulation of behavior requires its constant evaluation in terms of performance and outcomes, as well as in terms of costs and future consequences. Action and error monitoring have been studied for several decades in psychology and neuroscience (for previous reviews see (Etkin et al, 2011;Moser et al, 2013;Pessoa, 2008;Proudfit et al, 2013;Shackman et al, 2011;Shenhav et al, 2013), we propose that error and action monitoring is an intrinsically affective and social process. However, we show that meta-analytic activation maps support overlapping brain responses to error processing, emotional, and social information processing not only in dMFC, but also in several other brain regions, including anterior insula and lateral prefrontal cortex.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: An integrative review

Koban

Pourtois

2014

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

155

159

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(max 170 words)Action monitoring allows the swift detection of conflicts, errors, and the rapid evaluation of outcomes. These processes are crucial for learning, adaptive behavior, and for the regulation of cognitive control. Our review discusses neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies that have explored the contribution of emotional and social factors during action monitoring. Metaanalytic brain activation maps demonstrate reliable overlap of error monitoring, emotional, and social processes in the dorsal mediofrontal cortex (dMFC), lateral prefrontal areas, and anterior insula (AI). Cumulating evidence suggests that action monitoring is modulated by trait anxiety and negative affect, and that activity of the dMFC and the amygdala during action monitoring might contribute to the 'affective tagging' of actions along a valence dimension. The role of AI in action monitoring may be the integration of outcome information with self-agency and social context factors, thereby generating more complex situation-specific and conscious emotional feeling states. Our review suggests that action-monitoring processes operate at multiple levels in the human brain, and are shaped by dynamic interactions with affective and social processes.Keywords: Anterior insula; dorsal cingulate cortex; mediofrontal cortex; amygdala; error monitoring; ERN; feedback processing; social cognition; emotions; cognitive control; emotioncognition interactions; meta-analysis 3 Overview and motivationIn order to adapt their behavior, to detect and learn from errors, and ultimately to increase their chances of survival, humans and other animals have to monitor their actions (Rabbitt, 1966). Flexible regulation of behavior requires its constant evaluation in terms of performance and outcomes, as well as in terms of costs and future consequences. Action and error monitoring have been studied for several decades in psychology and neuroscience (for previous reviews see (Etkin et al., 2011;Moser et al., 2013;Pessoa, 2008;Proudfit et al., 2013;Shackman et al., 2011;Shenhav et al., 2013), we propose that error and action monitoring is an intrinsically affective and social process. However, we show that meta-analytic activation maps support overlapping brain responses to error processing, emotional, and social information processing not only in dMFC, but also in several other brain regions, including anterior insula and lateral prefrontal cortex.Further, recent intracranial electrophysiological recordings showed error-related activity in the amygdala, suggesting this limbic region may contribute to affective responses to errors and negative action outcomes. In the closing part, we outline an integrative framework for 4 understanding the brain systems underlying affective and social interactions with action monitoring, which may be crucial to foster behavioral control in real life.

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Section: Overview and Motivationsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Interactions Between Affective Processes and Error Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence From Individual Differences and Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: An integrative review

Koban

Pourtois

2014

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

155

159

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“…We have proposed that the association between anxiety and the ERN results from a compensatory process aimed at normalizing performance in anxious individuals ; but see Proudfit et al, 2013). Specifically, our Compensatory Error Monitoring Hypothesis (CEMH) is predicated on the notion that anxious individuals are characterized by increased reliance on 'reactive control' (Gray et al, 2005;Fales et al, 2008;Carter, 2010, 2012).…”

Section: The Ern and Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sending mixed signals: worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control

Moran

Bernat

Aviyente

et al. 2015

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Worry is reliably associated with overactive action-monitoring processes as measured by the error-related negativity (ERN). However, worry is not associated with error-related behavioral adjustments which are typically used to infer increased cognitive control following errors. We hypothesized that this disconnect between overactive action monitoring and unimproved post-error adjustments in worriers is the result of reduced functional integration between medial and lateral prefrontal regions during generation of the ERN, understood to have an important role in mediating controlled processing. To test this, we examined ERN amplitude and interchannel phase synchrony extracted from scalp-recorded electroencephalographic data during error processing in 77 undergraduates who performed a Flankers task. Correlational and path analytic results demonstrated that worry was related to both an enlarged ERN and reduced phase synchrony. Although not directly related to post-error behavioral adjustments, results also revealed that worry was indirectly related to poor post-error adjustments through its association with reduced phase synchrony. Therefore, worry seems to affect multiple components of the action-monitoring system. It is related not just with the initial response to the error, but also with the transmission of information between networks involved in cognitive control processes.

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Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females

Jackson

Nelson

Meyer

et al. 2017

Developmental Psychobiology

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Reduced habituation to aversive stimuli has been observed during adolescence and may reflect an underlying mechanism of vulnerability for anxiety disorders. This study examined the startle reflex during a fear-learning task in 54 8–14 year-old girls. We examined the relationship between mean startle, startle habituation, pubertal development, and two measures linked to risk for anxiety: behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the error-related negativity (ERN). Puberty, BIS, and the ERN were unrelated to mean startle; however, each measure modulated startle habituation. Greater pubertal development was associated with reduced startle habituation across the CS+ and CS−. Higher BIS related to a larger ERN, and both were associated with reduced startle habituation specifically to the CS+. All effects were independent of each other. Findings suggest that puberty alters habituation of defense system activation to both threat and safety cues, and this is independent of risk for anxiety, which uniquely impacts habituation to threat cues.

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Anxiety and error monitoring: the importance of motivation and emotion

Cited by 129 publications

References 48 publications

Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: An integrative review

Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: An integrative review

Sending mixed signals: worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control

Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females

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