Anxiety and Depression in Cardiovascular Surgery

Abstract

Although anxiety and depression are psychological risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), psychological aspect in patients with cardiovascular surgery has been less considered. Cognitive and psychological deficit has been still concerning in spite of notable improvement of cardiovascular surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion. The purpose of this chapter review is to discuss recent data concerning the prevalence and trend of anxiety and depression of patients with cardiovascular surgery and to introduce the nonpharmacological intervention studies. The prevalence of anxiety and depression of patients after cardiovascular surgeries has varied from 10 to 60% and has been likely higher than that of general people. From the limited studies about patients over 6 months after surgery, we guessed the followings about the trends of anxiety and depression of patients with CABG without any other additional intervention programs before/after surgery: (1) patients improved scores of anxiety and depression 3-6 months after surgery, (2) anxiety decreased considerably for about 6 months after CABG and then leveled out for some time, (3) depression remained a bit higher 6 months and more after CABG. Patients' longitudinal psychological conditions would have been influenced by not only invasive cardiovascular surgery but also life events. The nonpharmacology intervention would have improved patients' psychological conditions. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term psychological outcome and to develop the effective intervention programs toward patients with cardiovascular surgery.

Contaminants in Animal Products

“…But in same season bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC × 1000 cells/ml) was found as 469 ± 113.4 (Mean ± SEM) [68]. In a study with raw milk in winter and summer In Slovenia, total bacteria count was found higher than 100,000 cfu/ml [69].…”

“…In a study conducted in Slovenia, 95.0% of raw milk that was collected during winter and summer contains yeast and 63.3% contains molds. Isolated mold strains were identified as Geotrichum (51.5%), Aspergillus (33.8%), Mucor (5.9%), Fusarium (2.9%) and Penicillium (2.9%) genuses [69].…”

Pre-Operative Depression and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery

“…As many as 25% of subjects who were CABG patients experienced anxiety and 21.2% of subjects experienced depression. 6 Meanwhile, in another study, it was found that the degree of depression and anxiety in valve replacement patients was lower than in CABG. This may be because the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease is not influenced by psychological factors, while coronary heart disease is closely related.…”

“…Depression is known as a predictor of the incidence of heart disease, while anxiety is known as a factor that increases the risk of mortality and morbidity before cardiac surgery procedures. 6 Socio-demographic data such as age, gender, marital status, occupation, and education, as well as medical data such as underlying diseases, comorbidities, the procedure of open-heart surgery, and depression as well as anxiety scores were taken as subject characteristics. Depression and anxiety were determined using the Zung Selfrating Depression Scale (Z-SDS) and Zung Selfrating Anxiety Scale (Z-SAS) questionnaires.…”

Toxic elements in eggs and egg‐based products: occurrence, exposure assessment and risk characterisation for the Serbian population

“…Despite strict regulations for the monitoring of chemical residue, the possible contamination of food of animal origin through industrial and agricultural activities remains a major problem worldwide (Okamoto & Motomura, 2017). Health risks will depend on the eating habits of each individual, the level of contamination, different types of products used in the diet and the portion size.…”