Anxiety and Depression among Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Users: The Association with Religiosity and Religious Coping

Abstract

Background Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use brings severe adverse effects to the mental well-being of an individual and it is an essential contributor to the global disease burden. Meanwhile, religiosity and religious coping might improve one’s conduct, physical and mental well-being. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in ATS user and their association with religiosity and religious coping. Methods It is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Psychological Medicine, Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression among ATS users. Religiosity and religious coping were measured with Duke University Religious Index and Brief RCOPE. Results This study involved 215 ATS users. Almost half of the ATS users had either anxiety ( n = 96; 44.6%) or depression ( n = 108; 50.2%), which were associated with polysubstance use or having an existing psychiatric disorder. Subjects with higher religiosity and positive religious coping were less anxious or depressed. However, negative religious coping was significantly associated with anxiety and depression in ATS users. Conclusion Anxiety and depression are prevalent in ATS users. Integrating religiosity and religious coping into the ATS users’ treatment plan helps to improve their mental well-being.