Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone

Landete‐Castillejos, Tomás; Kierdorf, Horst; Gómez, Santiago; Luna, Salvador; García, Andrés J.; Cappelli, Jamil; Pérez-Serrano, Martina; Pérez‐Barbería, F. Javier; Gallego, Laureano; Kierdorf, Uwe

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046

Cited by 71 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…One of the main reasons for studying antlers is their rapid growth and annual regeneration which make them a good model for studying bone tissue and the possible factors in the bone growth process (Kierdorf et al , ; Landete‐Castillejos et al , ). Generally, these factors, apart from the genetic characteristics, are populational density (Santiago‐Moreno et al , ), climate (Mysterud et al , ; Landete‐Castillejos et al , ) and the food quality (Brown, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, antlers can be considered as a valuable tool for studying the performance of a population, and so far, the hypothesis that antlers constitute quality indicators has received specific attention in the past (Ueckermann, ; Pélabon & van Breukelen, ; Vanpé et al , ; for other species: Solberg & Saether, ; Landete‐Castillejos et al , , ). However, few studies have focused on the nutrition and ecological effects in cervid antler composition, mechanical properties and histology (in Landete‐Castillejos et al , ), and even fewer of these have assessed roe deer (Kierdorf & Kierdorf, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smaller does not mean worse: variation of roe deer antlers from two distant populations in their mechanical and structural properties and mineral profile

et al. 2020

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Antler size, structure, composition and mechanics have been shown to reflect nutrition, climate and body effects in red deer, but studies have only assessed effects on size in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Roe deer show little sexual dimorphism, lower inter‐male fighting and could form groups during part of the year but does not form harems, in contrast to red deer. Thus, it is interesting to assess how nutrition and habitat affects investment in antlers as compared to red deer. Antlers were collected from adult males of two game estates differing in location, climate and management: 13 from the south‐east of Spain (mild winter, hot summer, dry habitat and rich supplementary feeding), and 10 specimens came from central‐southern part of the Czech Republic (snowy winter, mild summer, humid habitat and limited supplementary feeding). After measuring whole‐antler parameters, a destructive sampling was performed to obtain a full‐transversal section and cortical bone samples from two sampling position along the main beam. Then bone structure, mechanical properties (three‐point bending test, impact test) and the mineral profile were studied. Roe deer from Spain had heavier and longer antlers than Czech roe deer. Their bone material had a higher mechanical quality, although Czech roe deer compensated by developing antlers with thicker walls. Mineral composition also differs, particularly by greater contents in Czech antlers in 3 minerals associated with nutrient stress: Fe, K and Zn. We concluded that the differences found between populations may be caused by differences in habitat quality and diet, in a similar way as reported for red deer, despite interspecific differences. Our study suggests that habitat affects antler parameters and, as previous results in red deer, suggests that improving diet quality may affect size, composition and mechanical quality of antler material. Certainly, antlers of roe deer provide information useful for population management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smaller does not mean worse: variation of roe deer antlers from two distant populations in their mechanical and structural properties and mineral profile

et al. 2020

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“…Abscission scars of shed antler specimens show enlarged spaces across osteons ( Figure 5; Online Resources 2F, 3F, 13A-B, 21, 26-27) resulting from Howship's lacunae. The latter are resorption bays caused by osteoclast activity, as can be observed in modern antlers (Kölliker 1873, Li et al 2005, Landete-Castillejos et al 2019. (Figure 8; Online Resources 14-16, 18, 23-24, 28-29, 31).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Antlers, paired osseous outgrowths of the deer skull, were described as 'improbable appendages' (Goss 1983, Kierdorf et al 2009 due to their unique, periodically repeated, cycle of growth, death and epimorphic regeneration (de novo formation of a lost appendage distal to the level of amputation, Li et al 2005) in toto. The strongly programmed, genetic and physiological complex antler cycle outpaces any body part renewal known (Goss 1983, Bubenik 1990, Davis et al 2011, Kierdorf et al 2009, Kierdorf & Kierdorf 2011, Li 2013, Li & Suttie 2012, Landete-Castillejos et al 2019. In addition, antlers are so deeply integrated into socioreproductive behaviour of cervids (deer, moose, elk, and relatives; Artiodactyla, Mammalia), the only animals r e a t e d i n M a s t e r P D F E d i t o r 3 ring-shaped protuberance around the base (Waldo & Wislocki 1951: plate 1, plate 5 figs 38a-c; Heckeberg 2017b: fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)

Roessner

Costeur

Scheyer

2020

Preprint

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The origins of the regenerative nature of antlers, being branched and deciduous apophyseal appendages of frontal bones of cervid artiodactyls, have long been associated with permanent evolutionary precursors. In this study, we provide novel insight into growth modes of evolutionary early antlers. We analysed a total of 34 early antlers affiliated to ten species, including the oldest known, dating from the early and middle Miocene (approx. 19 to 12 million years old) of Europe. Our findings provide empirical data from the fossil record to demonstrate that growth patterns and a regular cycle of necrosis, abscission and regeneration are consistent with data from modern antlers. The diverse histological analyses indicate that primary processes and mechanisms of the modern antler cycle were not gradually acquired during evolution, but were fundamental from the earliest record of antler evolution and, hence, explanations why deer shed antlers have to be rooted in basic histogenetic mechanisms.

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“…Antlers develop as extensions from the pedicles, which are paired permanent outgrowths of the frontal bones (Landete-Castillejos et al, 2019). The previous study has showed that the tip tissue of antler, especially the mesenchyme cell, is the growth center of antler (Banks and Newbrey, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Mesenchyme Tissue in Sika Deer Antler Revealed the CeRNAs Regulatory Network Associated With Antler Development

Han

Wang

et al. 2020

Front. Genet.

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Deer antler is the only completely regenerable organ in mammals. During the rapid growth period, the antler proliferates even faster than cancerous tissue growth. However, the proliferation and development of antler have been in a stable and controllable growth cycle. In this study, we analyzed the time series expression data of nine samples from mesenchyme layer in three male sika deer in the early period of the antler with a saddle-like appearance (30 days), the rapid growth period of the antler with two branches (60 days), and the final period of the antler with three branches (90 days). Whole Transcriptome sequencing results show that in the 30 d versus 60 d group, 1,464 genes, 85 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 61 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed; 1,748 genes, 138 lncRNAs, and 78 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in 30d versus 90d group; and 816 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 49 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs), and 24 differentially expressed miRNA (DE miRNAs) were identified in 60d versus 90d group. A total of 182 miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs and 89 miRNA-lncRNA interaction pairs were screened from DEGs, DE miRNAs, and DE lncRNAs to construct the ceRNA regulatory network (ceRNET). In summary, we identified candidate mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs that regulate the development of antler tip. It may lay the foundation for further investigating the molecular mechanism of antler rapid growth and development.

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Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone

Cited by 71 publications

References 143 publications

Smaller does not mean worse: variation of roe deer antlers from two distant populations in their mechanical and structural properties and mineral profile

Smaller does not mean worse: variation of roe deer antlers from two distant populations in their mechanical and structural properties and mineral profile

Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)

Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Mesenchyme Tissue in Sika Deer Antler Revealed the CeRNAs Regulatory Network Associated With Antler Development

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