“…Prominent among these have been the friction reduction and anti-wear properties of metals, such as Fe, Cu, and Co [12,13], and metallic oxide nanoparticles, such as CuO, ZnO, TiO 2 , SiO 2 , or Al 2 O 3 [14][15][16][17]. In addition, the anti-wear, antifriction, and load carrying properties of castor oil were significantly improved with the addition of hybrid nano oxides like CeO 2 and polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles [18][19][20]. Li et al demonstrated that small quantities of graphene additives could diminish friction and wear scars in steel/steel metal contacts [21].…”