Antivirals for COVID-19: A critical review

Frediansyah, Andri; Tiwari, Ruchi; Sharun, Khan; Dhama, Kuldeep; Harapan, Harapan

doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.006

Cited by 154 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Moreover, the second wave of this pandemic remains ongoing in various countries 2 . Numerous treatment strategies and drugs have been proposed [3][4][5] ; however, a definitive therapy or treatment for COVID- 19 has not yet been announced by the World Health Organization 6 . SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, which is reported to have originated initially from an animal source 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the global prevalence, chronological order of symptom appearance, and mortality rates with regard to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to discuss possible pathogeneses of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with the disease. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published up to November 8, 2020. Data regarding study characteristics, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and COVID-19 were retrieved in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence and mortality rate of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke were calculated. Results: The pooled estimate of prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.46% (95% CI 0.40%–0.53%; I2=89.81%) among 67,155 COVID-19 patients and that of ischemic stroke was 1.11% (95% CI 1.03%–1.22%; I2=94.07%) among 58,104 COVID-19 patients. Ischemic stroke was more predominant (incidence: 71.58%) than hemorrhagic stroke (incidence: 28.42%) in COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke. In COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke, hospital admission with respiratory symptoms was more commonly reported than that with neurological symptoms (20.83% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.51% for ischemic stroke versus 6.94% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.33% for ischemic stroke, respectively). The pooled mortality rate of COVID-19 patients who experienced a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was 44.72% (95% CI 36.73%–52.98%) and 36.23% (95% CI 30.63%–42.24%), respectively. Conclusions: Although the occurrence of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is low, the mortality rates of both stroke types in patients with COVID-19 are concerning, and therefore, despite several potential pathogeneses that have been proposed, studies aimed at definitively elucidating the mechanisms of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with COVID-19 are warranted. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020224470 (04/12/20)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The search for effective therapies and vaccines is going on worldwide (7)(8)(9)(10). The large number of fatalities caused by SARS-CoV-2 attests to the severe global impact of the pandemic, irrespective of age, race, sex, and physiological conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geriatric Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Problems, Considerations, Exigencies, and Beyond

Dhama

Patel

Kumar

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wreaked havoc worldwide, with more than 20 million confirmed cases and nearly 0. 75 million deaths as of 10th August 2020. Various factors determine the severity and symptoms of this infection. Older age and underlying diseases are the challenges being faced in controlling and treating COVID-19. In 2019, 703 million of the global population was older than 65 years of age. The estimated mortality due to COVID-19 in people older than 76 years of age is reportedly 18%. Frequent infections in older people, higher disease severity, and increased mortality are major challenges in the implementation of appropriate preventive measures and future strategies to protect against this disease in geriatric population. Poor health status, weak immune function, lowered organ function, increased probability of multiple underlying diseases, and poor attention to personal health can increase the susceptibility to various diseases in the geriatric population. Concerning inadequate immunity, the decrease expression of receptors and exaggerated pathophysiologic responses can be debilitating. However, future studies will reveal the hidden facets in these aspects in this COVID-19 catastrophe. In this article, we reviewed the main concerns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the geriatric population, including the risk of acquiring severe COVID-19 resulting in mortality, variation in clinical manifestations, and other pandemic-related concerns. We also discussed the need for increasing attention toward the elderly, taking appropriate prevention and control measures, and considering geriatric-related adjustments in vaccine design and development.

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“…Such an approach is not able to identify potential allosteric inhibitors of ACE2-Spike complex formation, leverage potential structure-based mechanisms of drug action, and may miss higher affinity sites within the ACE2 protein. Nevertheless, under the guidance of computational studies taken from both pre-print as well as peer-reviewed papers, in vitro assays and in some cases clinical trials have been performed on various pre-approved drugs [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. As such, computational studies have been of tremendous assistance, however, most of these screens can only be performed on limited-size libraries of FDA approved compounds for swift drug deployment, which precludes gathering information on mechanistic models as well as de novo drugs with potential high binding affinities for a long term development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Potential SARS-COV-2 Drugs—In Depth Drug Database Screening Using Deep Neural Network Framework SSnet, Classical Virtual Screening and Docking

Karki

Verma

Trozzi

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 has altered life on a global scale. A concerted effort from research labs around the world resulted in the identification of potential pharmaceutical treatments for CoVID-19 using existing drugs, as well as the discovery of multiple vaccines. During an urgent crisis, rapidly identifying potential new treatments requires global and cross-discipline cooperation, together with an enhanced open-access research model to distribute new ideas and leads. Herein, we introduce an application of a deep neural network based drug screening method, validating it using a docking algorithm on approved drugs for drug repurposing efforts, and extending the screen to a large library of 750,000 compounds for de novo drug discovery effort. The results of large library screens are incorporated into an open-access web interface to allow researchers from diverse fields to target molecules of interest. Our combined approach allows for both the identification of existing drugs that may be able to be repurposed and de novo design of ACE2-regulatory compounds. Through these efforts we demonstrate the utility of a new machine learning algorithm for drug discovery, SSnet, that can function as a tool to triage large molecular libraries to identify classes of molecules with possible efficacy.

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Antivirals for COVID-19: A critical review

Cited by 154 publications

References 122 publications

Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Geriatric Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Problems, Considerations, Exigencies, and Beyond

Predicting Potential SARS-COV-2 Drugs—In Depth Drug Database Screening Using Deep Neural Network Framework SSnet, Classical Virtual Screening and Docking

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