Antiviral nucleoside analogs

Abstract

The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.

Fluorinated Nucleosides: Synthesis, Modulation in Conformation and Therapeutic Application

“…Nucleoside analogs have achieved considerable importance to treat different diseases, particularly against virus infection. [2] At present more than thirty drugs are present in the market and many more are in the advanced stages of approval and are in preclinical trial to use in the treatment of viruses, cancer, fungal, malaria, and infectious diseases. [3] More recently FDA approved Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 and thus further increases the hope and belief of the scientific community on the modified nucleoside as a drug.…”

“…Modulation of different functional groups, substituents, and elements present in natural nucleoside is comparatively easy to achieve to make a very compatible modified nucleoside, to have a better interaction with the enzyme and interfere with it and stop their function to the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Nucleoside analogs have achieved considerable importance to treat different diseases, particularly against virus infection [2] . At present more than thirty drugs are present in the market and many more are in the advanced stages of approval and are in preclinical trial to use in the treatment of viruses, cancer, fungal, malaria, and infectious diseases [3] .…”

“…In the last twelve years, radical fluorination has become the choice of method for organic chemists [16] but still, we are waiting for a general method of fluorination. There are few reviews available that are specifically dedicated to fluoro‐nucleoside analogs synthesis and their biological study [2,3c,10,13b,d,e,f] . But none is available which also summarizes the influence of fluoro substituent on the conformation of the nucleoside.…”

Antiviral Potential of Natural Resources against Influenza Virus Infections

“…Besides favipiravir, additional natural nucleotide and nucleoside analogs with activity against influenza have been described and were recently reviewed [165][166][167]. For example, broad-spectrum antiviral activity, including influenza, was found for the nucleosides formycin A and B derived from Streptomyces candidus [168,169].…”

Regiospecific route to N9-alkylated thioxanthines

“…Analogues of natural nucleosides are a privileged group of heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, as they form a wide array of biologically active compounds and marketed drug molecules. Heterocycles of this class are primarily considered as antivirals [1][2][3] and antimetabolites, [4][5][6][7] but certain antifungal 8,9 and antibiotic [10][11][12] characteristics have also been described. The purine scaffold is a major part of the unnatural nucleoside class [13][14][15] as several molecules with an N9-acyclic pseudoriboside moiety have been registered as antiviral drugs.…”