Antiviral Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir Against Omicron Variant Infection: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Zou, Rongrong; Peng, Ling; Shu, Dan; Zhao, Lei; Lan, Jianfeng; Tan, Guoyu; Peng, Jinghan; Yang, Xiangyi; Liu, Miaona; Zhang, Chenhui; Yuan, Jing; Wang, Huxiang; Li, Song; Lu, Hongzhou; Zhong, Wu; Liu, Yingxia

doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.939573

Cited by 40 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…This finding is consistent with the faster viral RNA clearance identified with molnupiravir use in the latest clinical trial conducted in hospitalised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 of the omicron variant. 42 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

192

199

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

192

199

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“…This is consistent with faster viral RNA clearance identified with molnupiravir use in the latest clinical trial conducted among hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 of the Omicron variant. 42 Meanwhile, results of our subgroup analyses seemed to suggest a lack of significant benefits in younger patients and those who had been fully vaccinated, which would add support to prioritize the prescription of oral antivirals to the elderly and those with inadequate vaccination, who were also likely at a higher risk of progression to severe COVID-19. Likewise, recent studies of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir during an Omicron surge have suggested significant clinical and mortality benefits in the elderly, yet insufficient evidence for younger patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir among hospitalized, non-oxygen-dependent COVID-19 patients on admission during Hong Kong’s Omicron BA.2 wave: an observational study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

Preprint

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SummaryBackgroundReal-world evidence on the effectiveness of oral antivirals in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. This retrospective cohort study aims to evaluate the clinical and virologic outcomes associated with molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use in COVID-19 patients during a pandemic wave dominated by the Omicron BA.2 variant.MethodsWe analyzed data from a territory-wide retrospective cohort of hospitalized patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection from 26th February 2022 to 26th April 2022 in Hong Kong. Oral antiviral users were matched with controls using propensity-score matching in a ratio of 1:4. Study outcomes were a composite outcome of disease progression (all-cause mortality, initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], or intensive care unit admission) and their individual outcomes, and lower viral load of cycle threshold (Ct) value ≥30 cycles. Hazard ratios (HR) of event outcomes were estimated using Cox regression models.ResultsAmong 40,776 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection over a mean follow-up of 41.3 days with 925,713 person-days, 2,359 and 1,000 patients not initially requiring oxygen therapy were initiated with molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, respectively. The crude incidence rates of all-cause mortality and IMV were 22.24 and 1.06 events per 10,000 person-days among molnupiravir users, 11.04 and 1.75 events per 10,000 person-days among nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users. Oral antiviral use was associated with a significantly lower risk of the composite outcome of disease progression (molnupiravir: HR=0.53, 95%CI=0.46-0.62, p<0.001; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=0.33, 95%CI=0.24-0.46, p<0.001) than non-use, which was consistently observed for all-cause mortality (molnupiravir: HR=0.55, 95%CI=0.47-0.63, p<0.001; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=0.32, 95%CI=0.23-0.45, p<0.001). Molnupiravir users had lower risks of IMV (HR=0.31, 95%CI=0.16-0.61, p<0.001). Time to achieving lower viral load was significantly shorter among oral antiviral users than matched controls (molnupiravir: HR=1.21, 95%CI=1.07-1.37, p=0.002; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=1.25, 95%CI=1.04-1.50, p=0.015). Amongst survivors, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir had shorter length of hospital stay (−0.70 days, 95%CI=-1.37 to -0.04, p=0.039) than matched controls. Head-to-head comparison of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reported higher risk of mortality (HR=1.53 95%CI=1.01-2.31, p=0.047) and longer length of hospital stay (0.83 days, 95%CI=0.07-1.58, p=0.032) for molnupiravir users.ConclusionsAgainst Omicron BA.2, initiation of novel oral antiviral treatment in hospitalized patients not requiring any oxygen therapy was associated with lower risks of disease progression and all-cause mortality, in addition to achieving low viral load faster.FundingHealth and Medical Research Fund, Food and Health BureauResearch in contextEvidence before this studyThe medical and research community are actively exploring the use of oral antivirals in COVID-19 patients to lower their risks of hospitalization and death, and to reduce the burden on healthcare systems. We searched Scopus and PubMed for studies until 13 May 2022 using the search terms “SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID-19” AND “molnupiravir OR Lagevrio OR EIDD-2801” OR “nirmatrelvir OR Paxlovid OR PF-07321332”. Major studies examining the safety and efficacy of molnupiravir include MOVe-IN and MOVe-OUT trials conducted in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, respectively. Clinical evidence for the use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir came from the EPIC-HR trial conducted among non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19. While no clinical benefits have been observed with molnupiravir use in the inpatient setting among patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, early initiation of molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir within 5 days of symptom onset in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and risk factors for progression to severe disease has been associated with relative risk reduction of hospitalization or death by 30% and 88%, respectively. Notably, these clinical trials were conducted prior to the prevalence of Omicron variant, and the efficacy of oral antivirals against this current variant of concern can only be inferred from experimental evidence to date. Real-world evidence of oral antiviral use in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection of Omicron variant is lacking.Added value of this studyTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-world study exploring the clinical use of oral antivirals during a pandemic wave dominated by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. We conducted a territory-wide, retrospective cohort study to examine the effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients who did not require supplemental oxygen on admission in Hong Kong. Early initiation of oral antivirals within 2 days of admission was associated with significantly lower risks of disease progression and all-cause mortality, in addition to achieving low viral load faster than their respective matched controls. Molnupiravir use was also associated with a significantly lower risk of requiring invasive mechanical ventilation than non-use. Furthermore, our head-to-head comparison suggested a relatively larger reduction in mortality risk with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir than molnupiravir use.Implications of all the available evidenceCurrent guidelines are now prioritizing the distribution of oral antivirals to those who do not require supplemental oxygen, but who are at the highest risk of disease progression. Our study cohort reflected such prescription pattern in real-world clinical practice. The antiviral effect and mortality benefit observed in this patient cohort support the use of oral antivirals in COVID-19 patients who do not require supplemental oxygen on admission during a pandemic wave of Omicron variant. Our findings also support the prioritization of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir over molnupiravir use in COVID-19 patients whenever accessible and clinically appropriate, in view of the former’s substantial mortality benefit. Ongoing research will inform the safety and effectiveness of oral antivirals in specific patient populations (by vaccination status and viral variants), drug combinations, and different healthcare settings.

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“…In summary, it was found that the risk of hospitalization or death in high-risk unvaccinated adults with confirmed COVID-19 was significantly lower when treated early with molnupiravir. In a study conducted by Zou et al, (2022) 147 patients with COVID-19 were randomized to receive molnupiravir (n=80) and control (n=36). Following exclusions, 77 of them received 800mg molnupiravir twice daily for 5 days and 31 were in the control group (Zou et al, 2022).…”

Section: Molnupiravirmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted by Zou et al, (2022) 147 patients with COVID-19 were randomized to receive molnupiravir (n=80) and control (n=36). Following exclusions, 77 of them received 800mg molnupiravir twice daily for 5 days and 31 were in the control group (Zou et al, 2022). Treatment with molnupiravir was found to significantly reduce the viral load in collected pharyngeal swabs.…”

Section: Molnupiravirmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Therapeutics Effective against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sub-Variants

Soma¹

2022

Scholars Bulletin

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is changing at a rapid pace due to accumulated mutations in the viral genetic code over time. As new variants of the virus continue to emerge and replace previous versions of the variants, therapeutics and vaccines are being constantly monitored and reviewed for their efficacy against the new strains. With the surge in new omicron sub-variants across the nation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued emergency use authorization to a new monoclonal antibody therapy called bebtelovimab replacing the previous sotrovimab that was effective against Omicron BA.1. The main objective of the paper is to review the current treatment options available to treat non-hospitalized mild-to-moderate COVID-19 caused by the new omicron sub-variants BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5. Scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and researchers have been proactive in conducting randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of therapeutics in managing COVID-19 in addition to testing the vaccine efficacy against new strains. The paper focuses on reviewing the results of these randomized controlled trials. The oral antiviral options paxlovid and molnupiravir, and intravenous (IV) bebtelovimab continue to show their efficacy against the new sub-variants BA.4 and BA.5. It is important for everyone to stay well-informed of the new treatment options and only opt for those medications that are currently authorized for use in treating mild-to-moderate COVID-19.

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Antiviral Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir Against Omicron Variant Infection: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir among hospitalized, non-oxygen-dependent COVID-19 patients on admission during Hong Kong’s Omicron BA.2 wave: an observational study

Current Therapeutics Effective against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sub-Variants

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