Antiviral activity of zinc salts against transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro

Zinc: The Metal of Life

“… Acknowledging the importance of Zinc, various studies have been conducted on its role in human population across some countries of Asia, Africa, Australia, and America (Table , , and ). The bioaccessibility of zinc increased after popping the native finger millet, whereas no significant increase in bioaccessibility of zinc was observed on popping the decorticated millet (Krishnan and others ). Zinc ions playing a catalytic role are typically used in substrate binding and activation, although their mechanism of action varies to some extent between hydrolases and the other enzyme classes (Andreini and Bertini ). Enhancement of catalase activity probably indicates an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen forms in grasshopper bodies due to exposure to zinc (Augustyniak and others ). Zinc and micronutrients increased the percentage in correct responses of recent memory of an object (compared to iron and micronutrients), decreased the reaction time of a reasoning task (compared to micronutrients alone), and improved circular tracking task (compared to micronutrients alone) in different population groups (Sandstead ). There is a prominent role of supplemental zinc in preventing cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with TBI (Elise and others ). The lack of chelatable zinc does not increase depression‐like behavior, instead the chronic increase in serum glucocorticoid level is involved in the such behavior (Takeda and others ). A novel actinomycete species, Streptomyces zinciresistens , accumulated Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ mainly on the cell wall followed by intracellular accumulation (Lin and others ). Zinc salts mediate antiviral effects through inhibition of viral penetration, or egress, or the intracellular phase of the viral life cycle. These salts do not interfere with transmissible gastroenteritis virus cell binding (Wei and others ). Bacterial cellulose when dissolved in zinc chloride aqueous solution (ZnCl2·3H2O) showed typical shear‐thinning behavior (Lu and Shen ). Intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate acts as a contraceptive for dogs. When metamizole sodium was concurrently administered it did not interfere with chemical sterilization (Oliveira and others ). In neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, releasable synaptic zinc plays a key role in toxic amyloid beta oligomer formation and their dysfunctional targeting to postsynaptic elements (Bjorklund and others ). Under severe oxidative stress, cell lethality caused by ZnCl 2 was significantly greater than that caused by polaprezinc (Seo and others ). Zn induces oxidative stress via the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and depletion of glutathione (GSH) which, in turn, activate the apoptotic machinery leading to dopaminergic neurodegeneration similar to paraquat (Kumar and others ). Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) directly protects cardiomyocytes from reperfusion injury by a mechanism that attenuates NADPH oxidase‐mediated intracellular oxidative stress (Kasi and others ). An inverse cor...…”

High-dose dietary zinc oxide mitigates infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets

“…Several in vitro studies have shown that zinc (Zn) has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), equine arteritis virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Many potential mechanisms have been suggested to explain the potential beneficial effect of Zn against virus infections.…”

Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

“…Zinc has been shown to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Among the viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), vaccinia virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), equine arteritis virus (EAV), rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are known to be inhibited by zinc salts (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). The antiviral effects of zinc on these viruses are mediated via different mechanisms, such as inhibition of virus entry, blocking of polyprotein processing, or inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity.…”