Antiviral Activity of Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Essential Oils against the Multiplication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains Sensitive and Resistant to Acyclovir

Abstract

Background: The specific chemotherapeutics against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), but the most important problem is the formation of resistant mutants. The search for new therapeutic alternatives leads us to the purpose of investigating the effects of Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. essential oils on the viral reproduction of susceptible (Victoria) and acyclovir-resistant (R-100) strains of HSV-1 replication in vitro, individually and in combination with acyclovir. Methods: Cytopathic effect inhibition test was used for assessment of antiviral activity of the oils, and the three-dimensional model of Prichard and Shipman was applied to evaluate the combined effect of oils with ACV on HSV-1 replication. Results: Both oils do not affect the replication of viral strains; they are able to influence only viral adsorption and extracellular virions and protect healthy cells from subsequent infection. In combination with lower doses of acyclovir, both oils demonstrate a significant synergistic effect on the replication of HSV-1, which is more contagious than the Victoria strain. Conclusions: The nonspecific mechanism of the reduction in viral reproduction caused by rose oils and the synergistic effect of their co-administration with the lower doses of specific inhibitor ACV makes them suitable therapeutics for overcoming viral resistance to HSV-1 infections.

Natural Formulations Based on Olea europaea L. Fruit Extract for the Topical Treatment of HSV-1 Infections

“…Furthermore, another important consideration is that the IC50 of our analyzed products was very similar for the parental and mutated strains; therefore, they were able to elicit antiviral effects through a different mechanism than acyclovir. Very recently, other natural bioproducts, i.e., Rosa essential oils, have shown a very strong effect in interfering with the viral reproduction of both susceptible and resistant HSV-1 [26]. Here, the proposed mechanism is quite different from that of our formulations since the rose oils, added after the virus entered the cell together with acyclovir at a concentration four times lower than the IC50, considerably reduced the viral yield.…”

A Systematic Review of Second-Line Treatments in Antiviral Resistant Strains of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV

“…When determining the effectiveness of the proposed interventions, five (3.65%) were shown not to be effective [ 84 , 107 , 126 , 131 , 139 ], three (2.19%) were somewhat effective [ 21 , 46 , 53 ], and 128 (93.43%) were effective as potential managements for resistant strains of HSV [ 1 - 3 , 6 - 20 , 22 - 45 , 47 - 52 , 54 - 56 , 58 - 83 , 85 - 106 , 108 - 125 , 127 - 130 , 132 - 138 ].…”

“…Of the papers reviewed, three (2.19%) papers displayed that nectin had efficacy as a second-line treatments in HSV [ 17 , 28 , 73 ], three (2.19%) papers showed efficacy using amenamevir [ 21 , 43 , 95 ], three (2.19%) using methanol extract were effective in various cell line [ 24 , 32 , 39 ], two (1.46%) using monoclonal antibodies [ 27 , 46 ], two (1.46%) with arbidol [ 75 , 81 ], two (1.46%) with siRNA swarms [ 22 , 98 ], two (1.46%) using Cucumis melo sulfated pectin were effective in Vero cells [ 10 , 123 ], two (1.46%) using components from Olea europeae were effective in Vero cells [ 125 , 130 ]. In addition to this, two (1.46%) with griffithsin (GRFT) were effective in various cell lines [ 45 , 80 ], two (1.46%) with Morus alba L. (compounds from mulberry root bark extract) were effective in Vero cells [ 85 , 103 ], two (1.46%) using nucleosides were effective in Vero cells [ 41 , 76 ], two (1.46%) with botryosphaeran were effective in Vero cells [ 74 , 128 ], two (1.46%) monoterpenes were effective in Vero cells [ 34 , 92 ], two (1.46%) with almond skin extracts were effective in Vero cells [ 26 , 68 ], two (1.46%) using bortezomib were effective in HCL and Vero cells [ 83 , 99 ], two (1.46%) using various flavonoid compounds [ 25 , 97 ], and two (1.46%) papers using essential oils were effective in Vero cells [ 31 , 34 ], but one (0.73%) showed that essential oils were not effective [ 131 ].…”

“…When determining the effectiveness of the proposed interventions, five (3.65%) were shown not to be effective [84,107,126,131,139], three (2.19%) were somewhat effective [21,46,53], and 128 (93.43%) were effective as potential managements for resistant strains of HSV [1][2][3][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][47][48][49][50][51][52][54][55][56][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]…”

Antifungal Activity of Bulgarian Rose Damascena Oil against Vaginitis‐Causing Opportunistic Fungi

“…However, Rosa damascena also contains favonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, terpenes, tannins, and vitamin C [19][20][21], and its essential oil has been used as a natural medicine to treat infammation, coughs [19,22], and digestive problems [23]. Recently, Bulgarian rose damascena oil was reported to confer broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, including antibacterial efects against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli [19,21], as well as antiviral activity [24]. In the present study, we investigated the antifungal efects of Bulgarian rose damascena oil against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.…”