Antisocial disorders in hyperactive subjects from childhood to adulthood: Predictive factors and characterization of subgroups.

Abstract

A comprehensive chart review of 66 hyperactive patients, who were followed prospectively for 15 years at five-year intervals, identified four subgroups in the developmental course of antisocial behavior in adulthood: those who never presented with antisocial problems, those with continuing antisocial problems from childhood to adulthood, those who showed initial antisocial behavior that did not continue, and those who exhibited antisocial behavior initially and in adolescence, but not in adulthood.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Advances in Cognitive, Neurobiological, and Genetic Research

“…This conclusion is based on the extant literature that suggests that the co-occurrence of either conduct disorder or anxiety disorder with ADHD interacts with and alters this diagnostic construct in important ways, including its typical clinical phenomenology, psychological characteristics, psychosocial factors, clinical course and outcome, and treatment response. For example, when ADHD is comorbid with conduct disorder, both the neuropsychological deficits (especially in verbal and memory domains) and the outcomes (in terms of drug use and abuse, driving-related accidents, and additional psychiatric comorbidity) appear to be worse than those associated with either ADHD or conduct disorder status alone (Barkley, Guevremont, Anastopoulos, DuPaul, & Shelton, 1993 ;Barkley et al, 1996 ;Halperin et al, 1990 ;Herrero, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1994 ;Mannuzza, Klein, Bessler, Malloy, & LaPadula, 1993 ;Moffitt, 1990 ;Moffitt & Henry, 1989). Moreover, there is preliminary evidence that stimulant medication may not be as effective in reducing motoric activity in children with the aggressive type of ADHD compared to nonaggressive ADHD (Matier, Halperin, Sharma, Newcorn, & Sathaye, 1992).…”

Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

“…Because many signs of the disorder were believed to cease with maturation and development, ADHD had been viewed as a diagnosis that was not applicable to adults (Nadeau, 1995). Recent longitudinal studies, however, have provided ample evidence that ADHD may be a chronically disabling condition, and researchers have unanimously reported findings of continued and augmented impairment as children diagnosed with ADHD age into adulthood (Barkley, Fischer, Edelbrock, & Smallish, 1990;Biederman et al, 1993;Herrero, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1994;Mannuzza, Klein, Bessler, Malloy, & LaPadula, 1993).…”

“…Adults with ADHD also often experience difficulties in areas not directly related to ADHD but as side effects to the aforementioned primary characteristics. Secondary characteristics include substance abuse, learning disabilities, low self-concept, incarceration, inconsistent work records, and gambling disorders (Biederman et al, 1993;Cadoret & Stewart, 1991;Carlton & Manowitz, 1994;Herrero et al, 1994;Hines & Shaw, 1993;Kaplan & Shachter, 1991;Klein & Mannuzza, 1991;Nadeau, 1995;Schaffer, 1994;Weiss & Hechtman, 1993). Substance abuse is a frequent concern in the identification of adult patients for ADHD because it confuses assessment and complicates treatment.…”

Predictors of Attention Problems for the Period from Pre-Teen to Early Teen Years

“…There is a male-to-female ratio of about 3: 1 [Barkley, 1996], with girls usually displaying less severe symptoms than boys [Herrero et al, 1994;Newcorn et al, 2001]. Several longitudinal studies report that most children with ADHD do not outgrow these problems [Barkley et al, 1991;Weiss et al, 1985], which persist into puberty and young adulthood for approximately 60% [Achenbach et al, 1995;Biederman et al, 1996].…”