Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

McDonnell, Gerald; Russell, A. D.

doi:10.1128/cmr.14.1.227-227.2001

Cited by 277 publications

(390 citation statements)

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“…Despite a number of medically important human and animal coronaviruses, the mechanisms of action for disinfectants against these viruses are poorly understood. Perhaps the best supported mechanism is for glutaraldehyde where the chemical is believed to react with amino or sulfhydryl groups in capsid proteins, thereby damaging the capsid and inactivating the virus (McDonnell and Russell, 1999). Clearly this is an area in great need of future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of disinfection on the molecular detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Bowman

Nolting

Nelson

et al. 2015

Veterinary Microbiology

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Routine detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is currently limited to RT-PCR but this test cannot distinguish between viable and inactivated virus. We evaluated the capability of disinfectants to both inactivate PEDV and sufficiently damage viral RNA beyond RT-PCR detection. Five classes of disinfectants (phenol, quaternary ammonium compound, sodium hypochlorite, oxidizing agent, and quaternary ammonium/glutaraldehyde combination) were evaluated in vitro at varying concentrations, both in the presence and absence of swine feces, and at three different temperatures. No infectious PEDV was recovered after treatment with evaluated disinfectants. Additionally, all tested disinfectants except for 0.17% sodium hypochlorite dramatically reduced qRT-PCR values. However, no disinfectants eliminated RT-PCR detection of PEDV across all replicates; although, 0.52%, 1.03% and 2.06% solutions of sodium hypochlorite and 0.5% oxidizing agent did intermittently produce RT-PCR negatives. To simulate field conditions in a second aim, PEDV was applied to pitted aluminum coupons, which were then treated with either 2.06% sodium hypochlorite or 0.5% oxidizing agent. Post-treatment surface swabs of the coupons tested RT-PCR positive but were not infectious to cultured cells or naïve pigs. Ultimately, viable PEDV was not detected following application of each of the tested disinfectants, however in most cases RT-PCR detection of viral RNA remained. RT-PCR detection of PEDV is likely even after disinfection with many commercially available disinfectants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of disinfection on the molecular detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Bowman

Nolting

Nelson

et al. 2015

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Antibiotic which is a metabolic product produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms. Static, on the other hand, is the agent that is static in action and will inhibit the growth of microorganisms (Mcdonnell and Russell, 1999;Russell, 2002;Tortora et al, 2010).…”

Section: Control Of Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Chemistry and Microbiology

Shmeis

2018

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry

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“…31 Ocular toxicity is well known to be associated with other preservative systems such as CHG, and skin irritation and sensitization with iodine and CHG-based products has been documented. 10,[32][33][34]…”

Section: Safety and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Of the antimicrobials routinely used for skin antisepsis (alcohols, chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG], iodine/iodophors, parachlorometaxylenol [PCMX], triclosan, and quaternary ammonium compounds), alcohols are by far the fastest acting and most efficacious. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Almost exclusively, the short-chain, aliphatic alcohols-ethanol, isopropanol, and, in Europe, n-propanol-are used for skin and hand antisepsis. They have excellent activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped (and some nonenveloped) viruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Zinc pyrithione in alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis: Persistence of antimicrobial effects

Guthery

Seal

Anderson

2005

American Journal of Infection Control

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Alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis have a long history of safety and efficacy in the United States and abroad. However, alcohol alone lacks the required antimicrobial persistence to provide for the sustained periods of skin antisepsis desired in the clinical environment. Therefore, alcohol-based products must have a preservative agent such as iodine/iodophor compounds, chlorhexidine gluconate, or zinc pyrithione, to extend its antimicrobial effects. Iodine, iodophors, and chlorhexidine gluconate are well-characterized antimicrobials and preservatives. The thrust of our effort was to examine the characteristics of the lesser-known zinc pyrithione and to evaluate its utility as a preservative in the formulation of alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis. This work includes a literature review of current zinc pyrithione applications in drugs and cosmetics, a safety and toxicity evaluation, consideration of the proposed mechanisms of antimicrobial action, in vitro and in vivo efficacy data, and a discussion of the mechanisms that confer the desired antimicrobial persistence. In addition, alcohol-based, zinc pyrithione-preserved, commercially available products of skin antisepsis are compared with other commercially available antimicrobials used for skin antisepsis and with additional alcohol-based products with different preservatives. The authors' conclusion is that zinc pyrithione is not only a safe and effective antimicrobial but that its use in certain alcohol-based formulations results in antimicrobial efficacy exceeding that of iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate.

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Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

Cited by 277 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of disinfection on the molecular detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Effects of disinfection on the molecular detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Water Chemistry and Microbiology

Zinc pyrithione in alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis: Persistence of antimicrobial effects

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