Antiretroviral therapy, CD4, viral load, and disease stage in HIV patients in Saudi Arabia: a 2001–2013 cross-sectional study

Memish, Ziad A.; Al‐Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Filemban, Sanaa M.; Qutb, Sayed; Fodail, Abdullah; Ali, Batol; Darweeish, May

doi:10.3855/jidc.6588

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The prevalence of LP and AP we observed in our study was higher than that reported in neighbouring countries. A recent study from Saudi Arabia reported that out of 997 patients diagnosed in 2001–2013, 50 and 28.3% presented to care with a CD4 cell count of < 350 and < 200 cells/mm 3 , respectively [ 14 ]. Studies conducted outside the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, using the same definitions of LP and AD, revealed similar or higher proportions of LP and AD [ 15 – 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of late presentation and advanced HIV disease among people living with HIV in Oman (2000–2019)

et al. 2021

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Background The aim of this study was to determine the proportions and predictors of late presentation (LP) and advanced HIV disease (AD) in Oman. LP and AD were defined as presenting with a baseline CD4 count of < 350 and < 200 cells/mm3, respectively. Methods We conducted a retrospective database analysis of the National HIV Surveillance System to identify Omani people (≥ 13 years old) who were diagnosed with HIV in the period between January 2000 and December 2019 and had a documented baseline CD4 cell count. We calculated the rates and trend over time of LP and AD. A logistic regression was carried out to determine the predictors of LP and AD. Results A total of 1418 patients, who were diagnosed with HIV in the period from January 2000 to December 2019, were included; 71% were male and 66% were heterosexuals. The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 33 (25–39) years. Overall, 71% (95% CI: 68–73) and 46% (95% CI: 44–49) of patients had LP and AD at presentation, respectively. The LP percentage decreased from 76% in 2000–2004 to 69% in 2015–2019; AD percentage decreased from 57 to 46% over the same period. The proportions of men with LP and AD were higher than women (74% vs. 62 and 50% vs. 36%, respectively). The percentages of persons with LP among people aged 13–24, 25–49, and ≥ 50 years were 65, 71, and 84%, respectively. The proportions of persons with AD among people aged 13–24, 25–49, and ≥ 50 years were 39, 46, and 65%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that male sex, older age, having an “unknown” HIV risk factor, and living outside Muscat were independent predictors of AD. Male sex also independently predicted LP. Conclusions This analysis indicates that a significant proportion of new HIV cases in Oman continue to present late. This study identified patient subgroups at greatest risk of late HIV diagnosis such as men and older people. Targeted interventions and greater efforts to scale up HIV testing services in Oman are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of late presentation and advanced HIV disease among people living with HIV in Oman (2000–2019)

et al. 2021

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“…Preexposure prophylaxis, viral suppression leading to the concept of ‘Undetectable = Untransmittable’ (U = U), and antenatal regimens were expected to further reduce the transmission of the virus [ 10 , 11 ]. HIV infections vary by regions, even within countries [ 12 , 13 ]. These variations in HIV prevalence have important implications in the efforts to bring HIV pandemic under control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe

Govender

Hashim

Khan

et al. 2021

JEGH

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We aimed to assess global trends in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and evaluate progress toward eradication since the inception of the pandemic. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 update and the UNAIDS Data 2019. The datasets included annual figures from 1990 to 2019 for HIV/AIDS in 204 countries and all world regions. We analyzed rates and trends for prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years. Analysis of age and gender distribution in different regions was used to assess demographic changes. Forecasting was used to estimate disease burden up to 2040. Although many countries have witnessed a decrease in the incidence, for Russia, Ukraine, Portugal, Brazil, Spain and the United States, the rates of new cases are rising since 2010. This trend is present even in age-standardized analysis, indicating a rise in excess of population growth. Over 0.5% of the world's population is infected. About 5000 new infections occur daily, of which 500 are children. Mortality rates are falling globally; currently at 11 deaths per 100,000 population, forecasted to decrease to 8.5 deaths by 2040. Prevalence continues to increase, with South Africa, Nigeria, Mozambique, India, Kenya and the United States having the highest burden. The total number as well as the rates of new HIV infections are rising every year in Europe, South America, North America and other regions over the last decade. Maternal-tochild transmission continues at high rates despite effective preventive regimens. There is an urgent need to develop programs to curb the rising incidence of HIV.

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“…This is similar to one study done in Oman [12] and differs from studies in Saudi Arabia where the majority was asymptomatic at diagnosis. [13][14][15] The tuberculosis -HIV coinfection was a well-known entity in different literatures, [16][17][18] and tuberculosis cases were increases in an era of HIV/AIDS. In our study, there are 4 cases (2.76%) proved has pulmonary tuberculosis out of all cases enrolled in the program.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Presentation and Outcomes

Daakeek¹,

Bahashwan²

2019

J Pathol Infect Dis

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Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16-30 years, 31-50 years, 51-70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30-50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.

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Antiretroviral therapy, CD4, viral load, and disease stage in HIV patients in Saudi Arabia: a 2001–2013 cross-sectional study

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Predictors of late presentation and advanced HIV disease among people living with HIV in Oman (2000–2019)

Predictors of late presentation and advanced HIV disease among people living with HIV in Oman (2000–2019)

Global Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe

People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Presentation and Outcomes

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