Antiretroviral activity of Pterois volitans (red lionfish) venom in the early development of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome antiretroviral alternative source

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Pterois volitans phospholipase A2 (PV-PLA2) from Indonesia to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Materials and Methods: Fresh venomous fin parts of wild PV specimens were collected from Java Sea waters. Then, it washed using phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and immersed in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 0.01 m containing CaCl2 0.001 m for 24 h. The immersed fin then allowed for extraction process by sonicating for 2×8 min with 80% pulse and 20 kHz output with temperature controlling to avoid denaturation. The crude venom (CV) extracted from the fin is allowed for purification by 80% ethanol (ET) precipitation and ammonium sulfate fractionation method. The purified PV-PLA2 then analyzed using Lowry's method, Marinette's method, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. After determining the purest and safest sample of six samples analyzed, the chosen sample then tested into simian retrovirus-2 (SRV2)-A549 culture (48×104 cells/mL at 1-4 ppm), and compared to the CV sample (1-4 ppm) and lamivudine (100 ppm). The culture then is analyzed using a quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction to find out the copy number of SRV-2 virus in each culture. Results: The protein's activity, concentration, and purity analysis revealed that the PV-PLA2 purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation has the highest activity (1.81 times higher than the CV at 80% fractionation) and has higher purity than the sample from ET fractionation. The testing of the sample purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation at 80% saturation level shown that it has a 97.78% inhibition level toward SRV2-A549 culture at 4 ppm. However, in comparison to lamivudine which has 99.55% inhibition level at 100 ppm, it needs much lower concentration to achieve the same result. Conclusion: The significant inhibition of SRV2-A549 culture shown that the PV-PLA2 extracted from PV venom has the potential to become anti-HIV substances. It would be worthwhile to further evaluate the antiretroviral activity of PV-PLA2 in the in vivo studies.

Isolation of Protein From the Spine Venom of Pterois Volitans Found in the Indonesian Ocean, Using a Heating Process, for Anticancer, Antiretroviral, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Assays

“…Finally, it caused a greater inhibition compared to the 30m sample, which was purified as stated above, but without acidification with caprylic acid by heating at a temperature of 60 °C for 30 min, as this showed inhibition of 88.01%. A greater percentage for the inhibition of Simian retrovirus serotype-2 was observed when compared to that reported by Ramadhan (2018), which showed that there was 97% inhibition using the purification method of ammonium sulfate salting gradually at a saturation level of 80% [22]. This suggests that the 20m sample has better antiretroviral activity when compared to that of lamivudine, and also, it has capabilities that are not much different from those of standard antiretroviral drugs available on the market.…”

“…To ascertain the antiretroviral activity, three tests as follows: MTT assay, RT-qPCR test, and antiretroviral activity SRV-2 test were conducted [21,22]. Meanwhile, the MTT assay aims to ascertain how toxic the sample is to the human A549 cells (lung cancer cells) that were prepared in the Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), which contained 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1000 U/ml penicillin.…”

Bioactivities from Novel Toxins of Pterois volitans: A Bioinformatics Approach

“…According to the authors, even if this range is lower than that of spearfishing, more studies are recommended to develop the traps. Sommeng et al (2019) studied the antiviral activity of P.volitans phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Indonesia for its effects on the human immunodeficiency virus. The authors reported that PLA2 from P.volitans showed strong inhibition on the SRV2-A549 cell lines, therefore, they suggested to evaluate their effects in vivo.…”

Antiviral Effects of Animal Toxins: Is There a Way to Drugs?

“…Finally, the study of the antiretroviral activity of the PLA2 from Pterois volitans red lionfish venom showed the significant inhibition of simian retrovirus serotype-2 (SRV2) culture in vitro. It gives a certain potential for this protein to become an anti-HIV substance [ 81 ].…”