Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Descriptive Review of the Effects on Prolactin Level and Associated Side Effects

Roke, Yvette; Harten, Peter N. van; Boot, Annemieke M.; Buitelaar, Jan K.

doi:10.1089/cap.2008.0120

Cited by 89 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Since its introduction, risperidone has been one of the most widely prescribed and studied neuroleptics in the United States and other countries. [11][12][13][14][15] During the past two decades, psychiatrists have learned a great deal about the effects and adverse effects of risperidone. One of these is that, although considered an atypical neuroleptic, it has a greater tendency to produce extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) compared with other atypical neuroleptics approved in children, such as aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine.…”

Section: Historical Background Regarding the Relationship Among Rispementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These concerns and disputes include risperidone's tendency to produce hyperprolactinemia, questions of whether there is a relationship between hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia, how problematic or useful a drug such as risperidone is, whether the FDA should rescind the approval of risperidone and have it withdrawn from the market, how to prevent and properly identify gynecomastia (especially druginduced gynecomastia) earlier, and how to deal with the issue of gynecomastia in psychiatric patients, especially in children treated with risperidone and other neuroleptics. [1][2][3][4]12,13,16 …”

Section: Historical Background Regarding the Relationship Among Rispementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] There are indications that pharmacogenomic variability may account for some of the differences in occurrence of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia. 13 Prolactin may interfere with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn may suppress testosterone level in men. Such changes are hypothesized to induce gynecomastia in susceptible men, but there is wide individual variability in the prolactin level hypothesized to cause gonadal hypofunction.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such changes are hypothesized to induce gynecomastia in susceptible men, but there is wide individual variability in the prolactin level hypothesized to cause gonadal hypofunction. 7,12,13 Also, "Little is known about the clinical consequences of a sustained high prolactin level over years in children and adolescents." 13 The vast majority of men with elevated prolactin levels do not develop gynecomastia, and the majority of patients with gynecomastia have normal prolactin levels.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,12,13 Also, "Little is known about the clinical consequences of a sustained high prolactin level over years in children and adolescents." 13 The vast majority of men with elevated prolactin levels do not develop gynecomastia, and the majority of patients with gynecomastia have normal prolactin levels. 7 However, this does not mean that elevated prolactin levels should be ignored.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Risperidone Use in Children: Gynecomastia, Hyperprolactinemia, and Other Controversies

Isaac¹

2015

Psychiatric Annals

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The use of neuroleptics, especially risperidone, and their common side effect of hyperprolactinemia and the rare but significant adverse effect of gynecomastia has become a contentious issue. Advertisements for class action lawsuits and media reports of gynecomastia cause concern for patients and parents of children prescribed such medicines. The relationship between neuroleptic use, hyperprolactinemia, and gynecomastia is poorly understood, and there is very little guidance for psychiatrists, especially child psychiatrists, who need to prescribe these medicines. Although risperidone ranks high among atypical neuroleptics in producing hyperprolactinemia, unlike what many legal advertisements claim or suggest, no direct connection has been established between hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia. Prescribers of risperidone and other neuroleptics would benefit from becoming more aware of the issue of neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia to avoid adverse effects for patients and ethical and legal jeopardy for themselves. This article presents facts and suggests measures that may be helpful for those prescribing risperidone and other neuroleptics, especially for children.

show abstract

Section: Historical Background Regarding the Relationship Among Rispementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Background Regarding the Relationship Among Rispementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Risperidone Use in Children: Gynecomastia, Hyperprolactinemia, and Other Controversies

Isaac¹

2015

Psychiatric Annals

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Coucouvanis¹,

Hallas²,

Farley³

2012

Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health

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Childhood Schizophrenia

Caplan

2016

Developmental Psychopathology

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This chapter introduces the reader to the need for a developmental approach and the challenges involved in diagnosing this neurodevelopmental disorder in children, the related clinical and research implications, and how to make a differential diagnosis. It then describes relevant developmental, environmental, and genetic risk factors during the perinatal period, infancy, and childhood. The next section reviews the impaired cognition, social cognition, and self‐disturbance that occur during the illness. A detailed review of structural imaging findings sheds light on the developmental mechanisms underlying the multiple areas of functional impairment and associated symptoms found in youth with schizophrenia. After briefly reviewing the findings of functional imaging and genetic studies, the chapter describes the treatment and course of the disorder. The concluding section emphasizes the need for future studies on the epidemiology, outcome, clinical markers, gene‐psychosocial risk factors, treatment modalities, and neural circuits underlying the developmental impact of the disorder's extensive functional impairment.

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Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Descriptive Review of the Effects on Prolactin Level and Associated Side Effects

Cited by 89 publications

References 82 publications

Risperidone Use in Children: Gynecomastia, Hyperprolactinemia, and Other Controversies

Risperidone Use in Children: Gynecomastia, Hyperprolactinemia, and Other Controversies

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Childhood Schizophrenia

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