Antiproliferative Effect of Chitosan-Added Kimchi in HT-29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Abstract

The anticancer effects of chitosan-added kimchi were investigated by using an in vitro cellular system with HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Two different kinds of chitosan-soluble chitosan with a 90% degree of deacetylation and 3 cps viscosity and nonsoluble chitosan with a 95% degree of deacetylation and 22 cps viscosity-were used as sub-ingredients to increase anticancer effects of kimchi. The soluble chitosan-added kimchi (SK) and nonsoluble chitosan-added kimchi (NK) were stronger growth inhibitors in HT-29 cells than the control kimchi (CK) according to the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the growth inhibition test. Treatment with SK and NK induced apoptosis, as determined by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and resulted in the up-regulation of Bax expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2, cIAP-1, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2, cyclooxygenase-2, inhibitory nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) expressions when compared to CK. The antiproliferative and anti-apoptotic effects appeared to be more pronounced in the cells treated with NK. The antiproliferative effects of the chitosan-added kimchi appeared to be associated with the induction of apoptosis through NF-kappaB or an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. These results suggest that chitosan has potential to be a valuable active ingredient in functional kimchi products with anticancer effects.

Kimchi Protects Against Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Mice

“…3 Therefore, the anticancer effects of kimchi have been improved by modulating the combination of subingredients. [13][14][15][16] In addition to the raw materials and ingredients, other factors including fermentation temperature and time, and the type of LAB are also associated with the quality of kimchi and associated health benefits. In particular, a low temperature (5°C), suitable pH (4.3), and the use of Korean pots (onggi) or Mirafresh (permeability-controlled polyethylene) containers have been reported to increase the quality and beneficial characteristics of kimchi.…”

“…44 Inhibition of COX-2 activity using celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, suppresses AOM-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. 45 Previous studies have also reported that kimchi extract significantly reduces the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells 13 and WI-38 human fibroblasts. 9 We also observed in the present investigation that extracts from kimchi, especially ACK, were able to reduce the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in colon tissues from AOM-and DSS-treated mice.…”

“…It has also been noted that the addition of several subingredients (e.g., red pepper powder, garlic, mustard leaf, mistletoe, and chitosan) is able to improve the antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anticancer effects of kimchi. [13][14][15][16] Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). 17 Patients with both UC and CD are at increased risk for developing CRC compared with the general population.…”

Antioxidative effects of Kimchi under different fermentation stage on radical-induced oxidative stress

“…Optimally ripened kimchi (OptR) (pH 4.2-4.3, total acidity 0.6-0.7%) contains higher levels of vitamin B complex, phytochemicals, and lactic acid bacteria [ 5 ]. The functional activities of kimchi include antimutagenic/anticancer [ 6 ], antiobesity [ 7 ], antiatherosclerotic, and immunomodulatory effects [ 8 ]. Several beneficial effects of kimchi have been reported and fermentation is known to affect the functional activity of kimchi.…”

Kimchi Methanol Extract and the Kimchi Active Compound, 3′-(4′-Hydroxyl-3′,5′-Dimethoxyphenyl)Propionic Acid, Downregulate CD36 in THP-1 Macrophages Stimulated by oxLDL

“…Kimchi became a worldwide food due to its functional properties. Health benefits of kimchi such as its antioxidant, 2 lipid-lowering, 3,4 antitumor, 5 and antiatherogenic effects 6,7 are well documented. Recently, antiviral effects of kimchi, particularly against severe acute respiratory syndrome, had drawn considerable attention.…”