Antiplatelet Therapy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Abstract

There is intense interest in the relationship between inflammation, thrombosis, platelet aggregation, and hyperlipidemia in patients with coronary artery disease. The specific role of inflammation with its linkage to the coagulation cascade has been well studied. A number of inflammatory markers have been identified which can be used for risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Patients with acute coronary syndromes at the time of presentation often have an underlying inflammatory state which needs therapy with antiplatelet regimens including now increasingly frequently clopidogrel in addition to the standard of aspirin. In those patients who are treated medically for their acute coronary syndromes, long-term treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy has been documented to be associated with improved outcome. In patients who undergo an invasive approach with placement of intracoronary stents, the importance of dual antiplatelet therapy is increased. Drug-eluting stents are now used in approximately 90% of all interventional procedures. There is evidence to suggest that while these patients have improved outcome in terms of a decreased need for subsequent procedures to treat restenosis, there is the potential for late subacute stent thrombosis. When late subacute stent thrombosis occurs, it results in mortality or infarction in 40–60% of patients. Dual antiplatelet therapy is therefore recommended for an increasingly longer time in this patient group. At the present time, protocols indicate 3 months for one of the drug-eluting stents and 6 months for the other. However, increasingly longer antiplatelet therapy is being used clinically. Assessment of platelet function during follow-up is as yet early. There are issues about which specific test to use and the definition of platelet hyperreactivity. In the future, more individually targeted therapy may be possible if we can more adequately assess the degree of hyperreactivity and underlying inflammation.

Thiazolidinediones and Risk of Repeat Target Vessel Revascularization Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

“…Cilostazol, an agent with lessconvincing evidence for use following PCI, was used in a group of patients in one study (33), rather than a thienopyridine (i.e., clopidgrel or ticlopidine). In this study, more patients received cilostazol in the pioglitazone group than in the standard-of-care group, and the rate of TVR in the pioglitazone group remained significantly less (17).…”

Endovascular Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease

“…Preprocedure antiplatelet therapy should be started three to five days prior the procedure with aspirin and clopidogrel. A typical regimen is aspirin 325 mg per day and clopidogrel 75 mg per day started 3 days prior to the procedure (Holmes 2006). Alternatively, a loading dose of 300-600 mg of clopidogrel can be substituted on the day of the procedure.…”