Although recreational birdwatchers may benefit conservation by generating
interest in birds, they may also have negative effects. One such potentially
negative impact is the widespread use of recorded vocalizations, or “playback,”
to attract birds of interest, including range-restricted and threatened species.
Although playback has been widely used to test hypotheses about the evolution of
behavior, no peer-reviewed study has examined the impacts of playback in a
birdwatching context on avian behavior. We studied the effects of simulated
birdwatchers’ playback on the vocal behavior of Plain-tailed Wrens
Thryothorus euophrys and Rufous Antpittas Grallaria
rufula in Ecuador. Study species’ vocal behavior was monitored for
an hour after playing either a single bout of five minutes of song or a control
treatment of background noise. We also studied the effects of daily five minute
playback on five groups of wrens over 20 days. In single bout experiments,
antpittas made more vocalizations of all types, except for trills, after
playback compared to controls. Wrens sang more duets after playback, but did not
produce more contact calls. In repeated playback experiments, wren responses
were strong at first, but hardly detectable by day 12. During the study, one
study group built a nest, apparently unperturbed, near a playback site. The
playback-induced habituation and changes in vocal behavior we observed suggest
that scientists should consider birdwatching activity when selecting research
sites so that results are not biased by birdwatchers’ playback. Increased
vocalizations after playback could be interpreted as a negative effect of
playback if birds expend energy, become stressed, or divert time from other
activities. In contrast, the habituation we documented suggests that frequent,
regular birdwatchers’ playback may have minor effects on wren behavior.