Antiparasitic effect of dietary Romet®30 (SDMX–OMP) against ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans infection in the red sea bream Pagrus major and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes

Dynamics and distribution properties of theronts of the parasitic ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans

“…A previous study showed that fish fed sodium salinomycin at 200 mg/kg (weight/weight diet) had a significantly lower protomont recovery rate, a low encystment rate of protomonts, and a significantly smaller tomont size (Yoshinaga et al, 2011). On the other hand, administration of Romet® 30 at 50 mg/kg of body weight per day resulted in significantly fewer trophonts than the control group, increased survivability, and also antiparasitic effects that lasted 33 days post-administration (Kawano et al, 2012). Oral administration of chemotherapeutants during outbreaks coupled with increased water flow at the bottom of the tank during the release period of theronts, utilization of a net screen to prevent fish from approaching the bottom section of the tank, and implementation of a low adhesion polymer lining at the surface of the tank bottom could reduce the encystment of protomonts and the chance of theronts finding hosts upon release.…”

“…Many other control methods have been described, albeit with varying efficacies. Chemical treatments such as copper sulfate (Colorni, 1987); formalin (Herwig, 1978); acriflavine, malachite green, and methylene blue (Van Dujin, 1973;Herwig, 1978, Tookwinas, 1990; potassium permanganate, sodium chlorite, sulfathiazole nitrofurazone, and penicillin (Wilkie and Gordin, 1969;Herwig, 1978); medium chain fatty acids (Hirazawa et al, 2001); oral administration of sodium salinomycin (Yoshinaga et al, 2011); and Romet® 30 (Kawano et al, 2012) have been described. Physical and mechanical treatments have also been described.…”

Immunological, ionic and biochemical responses in blood serum of the marine fish Trachinotus ovatus to poly-infection by Cryptocaryon irritans

“…Stress caused by external factors, such as parasitic infection, will result in the lower food intake (Chen et al, 2011;Kawano et al, 2012). Our previous study showed that in the week after a 1st infection with C. irritans, food intake of infected E. coioides declined significantly compared to the control group ).…”

“…To explore the mechanism of pathogenesis and find effective prevention methods, researchers have used approaches such as changing fish between ponds, and physical/chemical pest control (Huff and Burns, 1981;Kawano et al, 2012). However these results are usually not applicable to large water bodies.…”

Molecular remedies against Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951—Practical difficulties

“…Hypersalinity, quinine hydrochloride, chloroquine and minimal handling were among the effective treatment regime against recurring Cryptocaryon infections (Huff & Burns, 1981; Picón‐Camacho, De Ybáñez, Holzer, Arizcun, & Muñoz, 2011). The defensive effects of bovine lactoferrin (Kakuta & Kurokura, 1995), medium‐chain fatty acids (Hirazawa, Oshima, Hara, Mitsuboshi, & Hata, 2001), caprylic acid (Hirazawa, Oshima, & Hata, 2001), in‐feed inhibitors of folic acid synthesis and dihydrofolate reductase (Kawano & Hirazawa, 2012a), dietary Romet®30 (sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim (SDMX–OMP)) (Kawano, Hirazawa, Gravningen, & Berntsen, 2012b), dietary chromium polynicotinate (Wang, Ai, Mai, Xu, & Zuo, 2014), herbal extracts (Goto, Hirazawa, Takaishi, & Kashiwada, 2015a), matrine and oxymatrine (Goto, Hirazawa, Takaishi, & Kashiwada, 2015b), and leptomycin B (Yin, Sun, Tang, Gong, et al, 2016) were investigated for their potential to inhibit cilia‐based motility of, Cryptocaryon irritans , during its infective (theront) phase. Other mechanical control measures included interrupting the life cycle of C. irritans via the removal of its tomonts (Jiang et al., 2016), treatments based on betadine, formalin, freshwater, malachite green, oxytetracycline, 2‐phenoxyethanol, potassium permanganate and trichlorphon (Pironet & Jones, 2000) and nitazoxanide immersion (Fan, Lin, Zhong, & Qin, 2016).…”