Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. CBD is non-psychoactive but exerts a number of beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The chemistry and pharmacology of CBD, as well as various molecular targets, including cannabinoid receptors and other components of the endocannabinoid system with which it interacts, have been extensively studied. In addition, preclinical and clinical studies have contributed to our understanding of the therapeutic potential of CBD for many diseases, including diseases associated with oxidative stress. Here, we review the main biological effects of CBD, and its synthetic derivatives, focusing on the cellular, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of CBD.Antioxidants 2020, 9, 21 2 of 20 Moreover, this phytocannabinoid accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model by protecting the endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [11]. In addition, by preventing the formation of oxidative stress in the retina neurons of diabetic animals, CBD counteracted tyrosine nitration, which can lead to glutamate accumulation and neuronal cell death [12].This review summarizes the chemical and biological effects of CBD and its natural and synthetic derivatives. Particular attention was paid to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD and its derivatives, bearing in mind the possibilities of using this phytocannabinoid to protect against oxidative stress and the consequences associated with oxidative modifications of proteins and lipids. Although CBD demonstrates safety and a good side effect profile in many clinical trials [4], all of the therapeutic options for CBD discussed in this review are limited in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular Structure of CBDCBD is a terpenophenol compound containing twenty-one carbon atoms, with the formula C 21 H 30 O 2 and a molecular weight of 314.464 g/mol (Figure 1). The chemical structure of cannabidiol, 2-[1R-3-methyl-6R-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-1, 3-benzenediol, was determined in 1963 [13]. The current IUPAC preferred terminology is 2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol. Naturally occurring CBD has a (−)-CBD structure [14]. The CBD molecule contains a cyclohexene ring (A), a phenolic ring (B) and a pentyl side chain. In addition, the terpenic ring (A) and the aromatic ring (B) are located in planes that are almost perpendicular to each other [15]. There are four known CBD side chain homologs, which are methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and n-pentyl [16]. All known CBD forms (Table 1) have absolute trans configuration in positions 1R and 6R [16].

Cannabidiol Ameliorates Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

“…Fifthly, chronic CBD administration reduced by 60% the leukocyte count that was doubled by MCT, which may result from the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of CBD [ 47 ]. They have been described before, e.g., in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury where CBD decreased total lung neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte migration into the lungs [ 17 ] and potently reduced the inflammatory lung response [ 48 ].…”

A molecular basis for the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrosis properties of cannabidiol

“…The GPR55 is a G-protein coupled receptor with high expression in the immune and nervous systems and other tissues. 56,72 The activation of GPR55 like the TRPV channels increases the intracellular Ca 2+ , 73 however, CBD as a GPR55 receptor antagonist, may modulate the Ca 2+ levels in neurons, and thus elicit anticonvulsant properties. 72,74 The antagonistic effect of CBD on GPR55 may cause the overexpression of endocannabinoids and IL10, ultimately preventing inflammation and neuropathic pain.…”

Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Fails to Diminish Blood Pressure in Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension Despite Its Effects on Cardiac and Plasma Endocannabinoid System, Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism

“…Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most abundant cannabinoids derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and devoid of a psychoactive effect [1,2]. CBD binds to cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors with much lower affinity than ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [3] and interacts with GPR18, GPR55 and TRPV1 receptors [4]; it possesses a very marked antioxidant effect [5][6][7]. CBD is licensed for the treatment of some types of childhood epilepsy (Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the United States [4,8] and, in combination with THC, for the treatment of multiple sclerosis-associated spasticity in Canada and in the European Union [4].…”