Antioxidants, Toxicity, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass

Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa; Hashim, Najihah Mohd; Ani, Farid Nasir; Zakaria, Zainul Akmar

doi:10.1007/s12649-019-00857-w

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This group is mainly comprised of phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-, known as syringol (46.1%) and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene (40.8%), followed by 6.3% of 1,2-benzenediol, 3-methylbenzenes. Phenol and derivatives as major constituents of AC were also reported by other researchers (Zhai et al, 2015;Mahmud et al, 2019). The high yield of phenol and derivatives can be attributed to the high lignin content (48.5 ± 0.6 wt%) of palm kernel shells (Wang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Analysissupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Ho et al ( 2013) revealed a similar result as the cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells was significantly reduced by the phenolic fraction of bamboo vinegar at a concentration ≥100 μg/mL after 24 h compared to bamboo vinegar extract, which remained non-cytotoxic 1% v/v. Mahmud et al ( 2019) reported that the pyroligneous acid fraction with the highest phenolic content also showed moderate to strong cytotoxicity towards RAW 274.7 cells after 24 to 72 h of contact time (Mahmud et al, 2019). They also reported that at a concentration of ≤50 μg/mL, cell viability was ≥93.08% (after 24 h of contact time), while it was 85.90% for the concentration of 25 μg/mL after 72 h of exposure, indicating the tested compound`s non-cytotoxicity and slight cytotoxicity towards cells under the investigated conditions, respectively.…”

Section: Cell Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond conventional biomass valorisation: pyrolysis-derived products for biomedical applications

et al. 2022

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Biomass valorisation is conventionally associated with the production of green biofuels. However, this could extend beyond the conventional perception of biomass application into other domains such as medical sciences. Acid condensate (AC) obtained from pyrolysis promises a good potential for biomedical applications, notably for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, concentrated AC extract (CACE) obtained from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shells was fractionated, and the resulting fractions were pooled according to similar thin layer chromatography profiles into combined fractions (CFACs). CFACs were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant level, cytotoxicity, and wound healing activities toward human skin fibroblast cells (HSF 1184). CFAC-3 showed the highest total phenolic content (624.98 ± 8.70 µg GAE/mg of sample) and antioxidant activities (DPPH IC50 of 29.47 ± 0.74 µg/mL, ABTS of 1247.13 ± 27.89 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 24.26 ± 0.71 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 257.74 ± 1.74 µg/mL) compared to CACE (DPPH IC50 of 81.76 ± 2.81 µg/mL, ABTS of 816.95 ± 30.49 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 9.22 ± 0.66 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 689.30 ± 36.00 µg/mL), no cytotoxic properties at ≤50 µg/mL, and significantly faster wound closure (at 1.25 µg/mL) compared to the control 12 h after treatment. The phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) were upregulated, thus indicating that wound healing of CFAC-3 followed through this signalling pathway. To conclude, phenolic-rich CFAC-3 obtained from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells demonstrated potential biomedical application as an alternative wound healing agent with high antioxidant and wound-healing activity. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to report on the wound healing activity of AC and its wound healing mechanism.

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Section: Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Analysissupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Cell Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond conventional biomass valorisation: pyrolysis-derived products for biomedical applications

et al. 2022

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“…WD is rich in antioxidants, such as polyphenols [15,17,37], and is effectively used to increase both the chlorophyll content and biomass of crop plants, as found in some recent studies [16,[38][39][40][41]. Although the mechanisms behind its effectiveness are still in need of investigation, it has been suggested that this stimulant effect on plant productivity may be due to the action of antioxidant molecules on cell division [16], in response to the activation of specific transcription genes, as previously observed by Tanase et al [42,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a product, still unexploited in many agricultural sectors (especially those not involved in organic farming), is now having great success in agriculture as a phytostimulant for crop plants since its use can enhance both plant productivity and endogenous defenses against pathogens [14]. WD can be produced by different feedstocks but the common feature of all WDs is the presence, to a greater or lesser extent, of antioxidant molecules such as phenols [15]. Results from a study conducted on the horticultural plant Lactuca sativa L. revealed that foliar application of 0.2% WD deriving from sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Vannini

Fedeli

Guarnieri

2022

Toxics

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This study examined whether foliar applications of wood distillate (WD) have a protective effect on photosynthesis and the antioxidant power of lettuce when exposed to an ecologically relevant O3 concentration. Seedlings of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were fumigated daily with 60 ppb of O3 for 30 days, five hours per day. Once per week, 50% of the fumigated plants were treated with foliar applications of 0.2% WD, while control plants were treated with water. The results clearly showed the ability of WD to protect lettuce plants from ozone-induced damage. Specifically, WD-treated plants exhibited lower damage to the photosynthetic machinery, assessed through a series of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, a higher chlorophyll content, higher antioxidant power, as well as antioxidant molecules, i.e., caffeic acid and quercetin, and higher biomass. Counteracting the overproduction of ozone-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is speculated to be the main mechanism by which WD protects the plant from ozone-induced damage.

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“…In pharmaceutical and medical applications, PA is used for the development of detox pad, helping to promote greater healing in the body. 51 According to studies, [122][123][124] PA from palm kernel shell has the potential to be used as an alternative antioxidant and antiinflammatory agents. PA is an attractive candidate for the development of novel antibiotics due to its perceived antimicrobial properties.…”

Section: Application Of Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts: A review

Pereira

Fauller

Magalhães

et al. 2021

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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The wood carbonization is made at an enclosed environment with controlled addition of atmospheric air producing, besides charcoal, other coproducts such as condensable and non-condensable gases. These gases, which represent 70% of the dry wood mass, are released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and producing environmental and social impacts. In this context, it is necessary to develop technologies capable to convert these gases into usable products or transform them into heat and power. The incineration of gases from charcoal kilns opens new opportunities of business because the energy provided by burners can be utilized for drying the wood to be introduced into the kilns and for generation of electricity. On the other hand, condensable gases can also be used on a route to recover and purify the pyroligneous acid. Pyroligneous acid finds application in diverse areas, as antiseptic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, herbicide, pesticide, plant growth enhancer, antitermitic activities; is a source for valuable chemicals; and provides smoked flavor and aroma for food. The main objective of this review is to explore the potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts, aiming to subsidize and to encourage the technological development of equipment for use of these coproducts. This paper highlights the potential benefits arising from pyroligneous acid application and discusses the charcoal cogeneration technologies.

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Antioxidants, Toxicity, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Beyond conventional biomass valorisation: pyrolysis-derived products for biomedical applications

Beyond conventional biomass valorisation: pyrolysis-derived products for biomedical applications

Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts: A review

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