Antioxidants Isolated from Elaeagnus umbellata (Thunb.) Protect against Bacterial Infections and Diabetes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model

Abstract

The increase in resistance of microbes against conventional drugs is currently a hot issue, whereas diabetes is another main cause of mortalities encountered throughout the world after cancer and heart attacks. New drug sources in the form of plants are investigated to get effective drugs for the mentioned diseases with minimum side effects. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. is a medicinal plant used for the management of stress related disorders like diabetes and other health complications. The active constituents of the chloroform extract derived from E. umbellata berries was isolated by silica gel column chromatography which were identified as morin, phloroglucinol, and 1-hexyl benzene through various spectroscopic techniques (electron ionization mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy). The possible protective effects (antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activity) of isolated compounds were evaluated using reported methods. Morin exhibited strong in vitro antiradical potential against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals along with prominent antibacterial activities against selected bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis). Among the isolated compounds the more potent one (morin) was assessed for its in vivo antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The in vivo effects observed were further confirmed in ex vivo experiments where the effect of isolated compound on antioxidant enzyme like glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total content of reduced glutathione (GSH), % DPPH inhibition, and the lipid peroxidation MDA (Malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates were evaluated. In vivo morin at tested doses (2, 10, 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight) significantly restored the alterations in the levels of fasting blood glucose level and body weight loss along with significant decrease in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, HbA1c level, and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. Morin also effectively ameliorated the hepatic enzymes, and renal functions like serum creatinine. Morin significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme like GPx activity, GSH content, and % DPPH inhibition activity, while reduced the lipid peroxidation MDA (malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates, and modification of histopathological changes in diabetic rats. Morin exhibited high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potentials as compared to phloroglucinol and 1-hexyl benzene, that could, therefore, be considered as a promising therapeutic agent to treat diabetes mellitus and bacterial infections.

Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq: A Good Source of Phytochemicals with Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Potential

“…The antioxidants in plants have become a hotspot for researchers in recent decades due to the mentioned fact of low or no side effects. Studies have indicated that the use of natural antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and reduce the risk of major human diseases, including oxidative stress [ 3 , 6 ]. The n -hexane fraction, crude extract, and fraction B were more potent against DPPH radicals, whereas against ABTS, the n -hexane fraction and fraction A were more potent, indicating that these extracts contained certain phytoconstituents capable of scavenging free radicals, which could thus be further investigated for the isolation of responsible compounds.…”

“…The antidiabetic properties of A. articulata crude extracts and fractions ( Figure 7 and Table S8 ) were determined based on the inhibitory effect against two carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, namely α-amylase and α-glucosidase. As mentioned before, starch is converted into disaccharides and oligosaccharides by pancreatic α-amylase, while disaccharides are broken down into glucose by intestinal α-glucosidase [ 3 , 6 ] and, thus, if inhibited, will lessen the glucose burden in diabetic patients as their inhibition could retard the breakdown of starch in the gastrointestinal tract and, therefore, would ameliorate hyperglycemia in human. The detected compounds are known to be antioxidant and antidiabetic agents, as indicated in the previously reported studies [ 3 , 6 , 9 , 14 ].…”

“…A control (ampicillin) disc was also placed. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI 2012) were followed [ 3 ] while determining the zone of inhibition (ZI) encountered by each extract and fractions against selected bacterial strains. The activity for each extract, purified fractions, and oil fraction was performed in triplicate and presented as the mean values.…”

“…The mentioned phytochemicals cause different physiological and therapeutic effects when utilized by a human. These effects are broadly summed up as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-constitutive, anti-plasmodial, antidiabetic, spasmolytic, and neuroprotective potentials [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Responses of Secondary Metabolites and Transcriptomes in Tea Cultivar ‘Zhong Ming 6’ (Camellia Sinensis) under Blue Light and Red Light Journal Name: Plant Growth Regulation

“…The extracts of green pertained from Camellia sinensis species under Theaceae family bearing several kinds of secondary metabolites, for example, catechins, anthocyanin (Liao et al, 2021), caffeine (Parvez et al, 2021), Gallic acids (Jovanovic et al, 2021), etc. Flavan 3-ols, namely catechins, is also known as the principal element of polyphenols in the young shoot of tea plants (Guo et al, 2017) with high anti-oxidant and reduced the high level of blood glucose, various kinds of renal function, hepatic and lipid parameters in animals (Nazir et al, 2021). By adding extra anti-oxidant substances, the human body uses them safely and has extracted them from food and plants (Bae et al, 2020).…”