Antioxidants and Long Covid

Chambers, Patrick

doi:10.4236/oalib.1109414

“…T cell production of IFN gamma (IFN type II) is triggered by IFN alpha and beta. It is a secondary release, STAT dependent IFN (Chambers, 2022). T cell population decreases with age in males but not females.…”

Section: Female Preponderancementioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and Nutrition

Chambers

2023

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These three syndromes - long covid (LC), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - have many symptoms in common. The common denominator remains elusive. The blood brain barrier (BBB) has been a barrier not only to microbes and toxins but also to understanding pathogenetic links. There are several areas within the brain that have no BBB. These are known as circumventricular organs (CVOs) and their location relative to CNS nuclei that direct autonomic and neuroendocrine functions is provocative in the quest for pathogenesis. In addition the majority afflicted with LC and ME/CFS appear to be those with two MTHFR polymorphisms, present in over 50% of Americans. These polymorphisms elevate homocysteine. When homocysteine is combined with CVOs, the fog of POTS and its paradox are lifted. POTS may represent the intersection of LC and ME/CFS in those with the MTHFR gene (hypermethylation or 677TT). The gut microbiomes of LC and ME/CFS, deficient in butyrates, GABA, and diversity, are then linked with MTHFR genotype 677TT. Reactivation of neurotropic EBV and VZV, due to loss of surveillance by CD4+/CD8+ T cells, is seen as secondary. The oxidative stress generated by homocysteine, loss of glutathione, low fiber diet, and persistent chronic inflammation exhaust available mitochondria and, assisted by BKN and estrogen, exacerbate all the elements of these post viral fatigue syndromes.

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“…Its critical role in cognition is well known 110,111 . Magnesium is also critical to the synthesis of all endogenous and most exogenous antioxidants 112 . Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) deficiency is also associated with both AD 113 and PD 114 .…”

Section: Homocysteine and B Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most endogenously produced and some exogenous antioxidants require ATP (and magnesium) to attain activated status. Vitamin C (water-soluble), vitamins A, D3, E, K (all fat-soluble), Zn, D-ribose, selenium, and many others require no processing 112 . Furthermore, hydroxylation of C1 of 25(OH)D in the synthesis of active vitamin D occurs in the mitochondria and is suppressed by calcium 146 .…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease

Chambers¹

2023

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Brain fog with compromised ability to concentrate has been the most frequent Long Covid (LC) complaint. This is due to an increased transforming growth factor (TGF) β/interferon (IFN)-γ ratio with consequently increased bradykinin (BKN), especially in Caucasian females. Brain and lung blood vessels “leak.” This same ratio is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but decreased in Parkinson’s disease (PD), because CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are differentially affected by the invading associated viruses, e.g., SARS CoV2, HIV, Varicella Zoster (VZV) aka Human Herpesvirus 3 (HHV3), HBV, HCV, …. In Covid-19 CD147 receptors on immune cells are critical in generating the increased TGF-β/IFN-γ and those on endothelial cells, platelets, and erythrocytes are critical to the abnormal microvascular blood flow. ACE2 receptors on pneumocytes and enterocytes enable pulmonary and GI entry, initiating gut dysbiosis. Epigenetics, methylation, magnesium, vitamin D, the B vitamins, and antioxidants suggest that these issues can be surmounted. Biochemical, physiologic, and epidemiologic data are analyzed to answer these questions. An LC model is presented and discussed in the context of the most recent research. Suggestions to avoid these and other worrisome concerns are included. Other topics discussed include estrogen, the gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and homocysteine.

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“…Furthermore these two reactions occur in the mitochondria 80 , i.e., they also require ATP. If oxidative stress is sufficient and antioxidants are not, mitochondria are shut down and ATP down regulated, limiting synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol 81 . Females are more magnesium deficient than males before age 50 (see figure 7).…”

Section: B Magnesium and Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC, POTS, and ME/CFS: Lifting the Fog

Chambers¹

2023

Preprint

0

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These three syndromes - long covid (LC), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - have many symptoms in common. The common denominator remains elusive. The blood brain barrier (BBB) has been a barrier not only to microbes and toxins but also to understanding pathogenetic links. There are several areas within the brain that have no BBB. These are known as circumventricular organs (CVOs) and their location relative to CNS nuclei that direct autonomic and neuroendocrine functions is provocative in the quest for pathogenesis. In addition the majority afflicted with LC and ME/CFS appear to be those with two MTHFR polymorphisms, present in over 50% of Americans. These polymorphisms elevate homocysteine. When homocysteine is combined with CVOs, the fog of POTS and its paradox are lifted. POTS may represent the intersection of LC and ME/CFS in those with the MTHFR gene (hypermethylation or 677TT). The gut microbiomes of LC and ME/CFS, deficient in butyrates, GABA, and diversity, are then linked with MTHFR genotype 677TT. Reactivation of neurotropic EBV and VZV, due to loss of surveillance by CD4+/CD8+ T cells, is seen as secondary. The oxidative stress generated by homocysteine, loss of glutathione, low fiber diet, and persistent chronic inflammation exhaust available mitochondria and, assisted by BKN and estrogen, exacerbate all the elements of these post viral fatigue syndromes.

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Antioxidants and Long Covid

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and Nutrition

Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and Nutrition

Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease

LC, POTS, and ME/CFS: Lifting the Fog

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