Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation

Vacek, Jan; Vostalová, Jitka; Papoušková, Barbora; Škařupová, Denisa; Kos, Martin; Kabeláč, Martin; Storch, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.012

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…For example, utilizing the ABTS (2,2 -Azino-bis (3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid)) cell-free antioxidant assay, Dawidowicz et al showed that CBG is slightly more potent than CBD, similar to what we report here using the DPPH assay (Table 2), and that both are significantly better than another minor cannabinoid cannabinol (CBN) [10]. Additional studies examining the photoprotection potential of cannabinoids in human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaTs) and HDFs exposed to UVB and UVA, respectively, showed CBD to be the most effective protectant against UVA (although not significantly better than CBG), while CBN was the best at protecting against UVB and was significantly better than CBD and CBG [38]. The cell-based antioxidant results reported here (Table 2) support the growing literature that CBG and CBD are both potent antioxidants with a similar in vitro activity range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

et al. 2022

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Cannabigerol (CBG) is a minor non-psychoactive cannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa) at low levels (<1% per dry weight) that serves as the direct precursor to both cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Consequently, efforts to extract and purify CBG from C. sativa is both challenging and expensive. However, utilizing a novel yeast fermentation technology platform, minor cannabinoids such as CBG can be produced in a more sustainable, cost-effective, and timely process as compared to plant-based production. While CBD has been studied extensively, demonstrating several beneficial skin properties, there are a paucity of studies characterizing the activity of CBG in human skin. Therefore, our aim was to characterize and compare the in vitro activity profile of non-psychoactive CBG and CBD in skin and be the first group to test CBG clinically on human skin. Gene microarray analysis conducted using 3D human skin equivalents demonstrates that CBG regulates more genes than CBD, including several key skin targets. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were exposed in culture to pro-inflammatory inducers to trigger cytokine production and oxidative stress. Results demonstrate that CBG and CBD reduce reactive oxygen species levels in HDFs better than vitamin C. Moreover, CBG inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-1β, -6, -8, tumor necrosis factor α) release from several inflammatory inducers, such as ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), chemical, C. acnes, and in several instances does so more potently than CBD. A 20-subject vehicle-controlled clinical study was performed with 0.1% CBG serum and placebo applied topically for 2 weeks after sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritation. CBG serum showed statistically significant improvement above placebo for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and reduction in the appearance of redness. Altogether, CBG’s broad range of in vitro and clinical skin health-promoting activities demonstrates its strong potential as a safe, effective ingredient for topical use and suggests there are areas where it may be more effective than CBD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

et al. 2022

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“…It is known that the percutaneous application of the preparation ensures a constant level of the compound used in the body and a high degree of sensitivity to the compound used [ 30 ]. Since CBD is a lipophilic molecule [ 74 ] it has previously been shown that it tends to accumulate only in the stratum corneum and penetrates poorly into deeper layers [ 75 ]. Therefore, the ability of CBD to enter the bloodstream was verified by assessing its level in the circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress and Its Consequences in the Blood of Rats Irradiated with UV: Protective Effect of Cannabidiol

et al. 2021

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UVA/UVB radiation disturbs the redox balance of skin cells, and metabolic consequences can be transferred into the blood and internal tissues, especially after chronic skin exposure to UV radiation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytocannabinoid, on oxidative stress and its consequences in the blood of nude rats whose skin was exposed to UVA/UVB radiation for 4 weeks. It was shown that CBD penetrated the blood and in UVB-irradiated rats was preferentially located in the membranes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which promoted reduction of ROS generation and up-regulation of antioxidant ability by increasing the activity of glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, while the level of reduced glutathione decreased by UV radiation. Consequently, reduction in UV-induced lipid peroxidation, assessed as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8-isoprostane (8-isoPGF2α) as well as protein modifications, estimated as 4-HNE-protein adducts and protein carbonyl groups, was observed. CBD, by countering the UV-induced down-regulation of 2-arachidonylglycerol, promoted its antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects by reducing CB1 and increasing PPARγ receptor activation and consequently ROS and TNF-α down-regulation. The results suggest that CBD applied topically to the skin minimizes redox changes not only at the skin level, but also at the systemic level.

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“…CB2R receptor activation was also shown to activate Nrf-2 and induce heme oxygenase-1, a key cellular antioxidant in a mouse myocardial infarction model [ 96 ]. While Δ 9 -THC is typically oxidated one order of magnitude faster than other non-psychotropic cannabinoids, both CBD and CBG were shown to maintain redox stability and offer good UVA and UVB photoprotective properties [ 97 ].…”

Section: Ecs and The Oxidative Stress: Role Of Dietary Antioxidantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Full Spectrum Hemp Oils

Komarnytsky

Rathinasabapathy

Wagner

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and metabolic enzymes that play a critical homeostatic role in modulating polyunsaturated omega fatty acid (PUFA) signaling to maintain a balanced inflammatory and redox state. Whole food-based diets and dietary interventions linked to PUFAs of animal (fish, calamari, krill) or plant (hemp, flax, walnut, algae) origin, as well as full-spectrum hemp oils, are increasingly used to support the ECS tone, promote healthy metabolism, improve risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders, encourage brain health and emotional well-being, and ameliorate inflammation. While hemp cannabinoids of THC and CBD groups show distinct but complementary actions through a variety of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2), adenosine (A2A), and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors, they also modulate PUFA metabolism within a wide variety of specialized lipid mediators that promote or resolve inflammation and oxidative stress. Clinical evidence reviewed in this study links PUFAs and cannabinoids to changes in ECS tone, immune function, metabolic and oxidative stress adaptation, and overall maintenance of a well-balanced systemic function of the body. Understanding how the body coordinates signals from the exogenous and endogenous ECS modulators is critical for discerning the underlying molecular mechanisms of the ECS tone in healthy and disease states. Nutritional and lifestyle interventions represent promising approaches to address chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders that may overlap in the population at risk. Further investigation and validation of dietary interventions that modulate the ECS are required in order to devise clinically successful second-generation management strategies.

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Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation

Cited by 43 publications

References 65 publications

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

Oxidative Stress and Its Consequences in the Blood of Rats Irradiated with UV: Protective Effect of Cannabidiol

Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Full Spectrum Hemp Oils

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